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1.	Chemicals which are released at the synaptic junction are calledA. hormonesB. neurotransmittersC. cerebrospinal fluidD. lymph
Answer» Neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission of impulses at the chemical synapses. They are present in the synaptic vesicles at axon terminals. Whereas, hormones are non-nutrient .chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produped in trace amounts. Cerebrospinal fluid is present in subarachnoid space. It provides shock resistance to brain . Lymph is a colourless fluis containing specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for the immune responses of the body. It is important carrier for nutrients, hormones, etc. Fats are absorbed through lacteals (lymph vessels) present in microvilli of intestine.

2.	Resting membrane potential is maintained byA. hormonesB. neurotransmittersC. ion pumpsD. None of these
Answer» The ionic gradients across the resting membrane are maintained by the active transport of ions by the sodium-potassium pumps (or ion pumps) which transport `3 Na^(+)` outward for every `2K^(+)` into the cell.

3.	Potential difference across resting membrane is negatively charged. This is due to differential distribution of the following ions.A. `Na^(+) ` and `k^(+)` ionsB. `CO_(3)^(2-)` and `Cl^(-)` ionsC. `Ca^(+4)` and `Cl^(-)` ionsD. `Ca^(+4)` and `Cl^(-)` ions
Answer» The ion gated channels on. The neurolemma control the movement of `Na^(+)` and `K^(+)` ions on both inner and outer side of nerve cell. `Ca^(+), CO_(3)^(2-), Mg^(2+) and Ca^(4+)` ions ·are not related with nerve excitation rather are involved in other biological functions `Ca^(+2)` ions are related to muscle metabolism where `Mg^(2+)` ions act as a cofactor in some reactions. `Cl^(-)` ion channels are important for setting cell resting membrane potential, transepithelial salt transport, and the acidification of internal and extracellular compartments

4.	Where is the hunger centre located in human brain?
Answer» Hypothalamus contains many centres which control urge for eating and drinking.

5.	What is the functions described to Eustachian tube ?
Answer» The eustachian tube connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx. It helps in equalising the pressures on either sides of the ear drum. At the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube, is a valve which normally remains closed. The valve opens during yawning, swallowing and during an abrupt change in altitude, when air enters or leaves the tympanic cavity to equalise the pressure of air on the two sides of the tympanic membrane

6.	Name the structures involved in the protection of the brain.
Answer» The following structure are involved in the protection of brain in animals. (i) Cranium There are 8 canial bones which the hard protective outer covering cranium for the brain. (ii) Meninges The brain is covered with three membranes called meninges. (a) Piamater Inner most membrane very thin, delicate and vascular and invests the brain closely (b) Arachnoid membrane It is like spider we in structure from which its gets its name. (c) Duramater It is outer most, thick, tough fibrous membrane adhering closely to the inside of the skull. (iii) Cerebrospinal fluid The cerebrospinal is present in the spaces between the meninges, i.e., arachnoid and duramater, which functions as a pad, absorbing shocks.

7.	What do grey and white matter in the brains represent ?
Answer» Grey matter is a major component of CNS consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrite, unmyelinatedaxous, glial cells and capillarie. White matter is also a component of CNS and consists mostly of glial cell and myelinated axons

8.	Our reaction like aggressive behaviour, use of abusive words, restlessness etc. are regulated by brain, name the parts involved.
Answer» The inner part of cerebral hemispheres and a group of associated deep structures called limbic lobe or limbic system along with hypothalamus are involved in the above said functions, i.e., aggressive behaviour, use or abusive words, restlessness, etc.

9.	Which cells of the retina enable us to see coloured objects around us?
Answer» Cone cells of retina unable us to see the colours. There are three types of cones which possess their own characteristic photopigments that respond to red, green and blue light.

10.	Mark the vitamin present in rhodopsinA. vit-AB. vit-BC. vit-CD. vit-D
Answer» The rods contain a purplish red protein called the rhodopsin. It is a photosensitive compound in eye that is composed of opsin (a protein) and retinal (an aldehyde of vitamin-A) , whereas vitamin-B, C and D not directly related with vision.

11.	Neuron system and computers shares certain common features. Comment in five lines,.
Answer» The sensory neurons present in various organs sense the environment and extend the Brain act ain. o, it is equivalent to input device of computers. Brain acts as CPU, i.e, Central Processing Unit. The information gathered by sensory neurons is prcossed by brain and it gives command to the concerned organ to act according. This message is taken or conveyed by motor neurons whcih act as output devices.

12.	While travelling at a higher altitude, a person complains of dizziness and vomiting sensation. Which part of the inner ear is disturbed during the journey ?
Answer» The symptoms of dizziness and vomiting, faced by a person travelling at higher altitude is because of the following resaons . (i) The function of Eustachian tube is to equalise the pressure on either sides of the ear drum, sudden elevation in height causes disturbance in maintaining pressure by this area of ear. (ii) The semicircular ducts, the anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular ducts, are enlarged at one end to give rise to ampulla. Each ampulla contains sensory path of hairs, the cristae, which is concerned with the balancing of the body, Change in altitude brings changes in the reorientation and adjustments in these structures of internal ear causing the above said symptoms.