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(i) The world created by novels were absorbing and believable, and seemingly real.

(ii) While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person's world and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.

(iii) Besides, novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private, as well as the joy of publicly reading or discussing stories with friends or relatives.

(i) In 1836, Charles Dicken's 'Pickwick Papers' were serialized in a magazine.

(ii) Magazines were attractive and cheaper since they were illustrated.

(iii) Serialization of novels allowed the readers to enjoy suspense and discuss the characters for weeks in the anticipation of next plot of the story.

(iv) Serialization of novels not only increased the circulation of magazines but also made novels more popular.

(i) Indulekha: It is a hotly debated novel and the concerns it addresses are of marriage practices of upper-class Hindus in Kerala.

(ii) Potheri Kunjambu a 'lower caste' writer from North Kerala wrote 'Saraswativijayam' and attacked caste oppression.

(iii) Titash Ekti Nadir Naam: It was based on the fisherfolk community.

(iv) Basheer was a Muslim writer with little formal education.

(v) Premchand's 'Ranghoomi': The hero of this novel is a low caste whose land has forcibly been taken away.

(vi) 'Godan': It is a story about Indian peasantry and how they are exploited.

(i) By coming closer to different spoken languages of the people, the novel produces the sense of a shared world between diverse people in a nation.

(ii) Novels may combine classical languages and languages of the streets and make them all a part of Vernaculars.

(i) By coming closer to different spoken languages of the people, the novel produces the sense of a shared world between diverse people in a nation.

(ii) Novels may combine classical languages and languages of the streets and make them all a part of Vernaculars.

Ghare Baire was written by Ravindra Nath Tagore in the year 1916. It was written in the Bengali language.

Explanation: It describes the dilemma of Ravindra Nath, of his clustered thoughts and ideas of western culture and his opposition towards the same.

The author of the novel “PAMELA” is Samuel Richardson. He wrote the novel
in the year 1740.

Explanation: Samuel Richardson was an English writer and a printer. This
novel narrates a story about a beautiful girl who was treated as a
maidservant by the landowner Andrews. He tried to suppress her and exploit
her mentally and physically.

Social novelists faced a dilemma of accepting modernism without affecting traditional values. They, therefore, created characters like Indulekha as a woman of breathtaking beauty, high intellectual abilities, artistic talent, and with an education in English and Sanskrit and Madhavan, who used to dress in Western clothes, but, at the same time, kept a long tuft of hair, according to the Nayar custom. These characters showed readers how Indian and foreign lifestyles could be brought together in an ideal combination.

Some writers who wrote about the socio and political conditions of their region were:

Explanation: 

a) Charles Dickens – He wrote about the after-effects of industrialization in the society.

b) Jane Austen – She emphasized the practice of child marriage and dowry

c) Munshi Premchand- He wrote about the differences in the upper and lower caste.

(i) Readership for printed books grew and earnings of authors increased.

(ii) This freed them from financial dependence on the patronage of aristocrats and gave them independence to experiment with different literacy styles.

(iii) The novels allowed flexibility in the form of writing. Hence, Henry Fielding remarked so.

(i) In the earlier stages, women began to write stories, poems, etc.

(ii) Their writings allowed for a new conception of womanhood.

(iii) Stories of love showed women who could choose or refuse their partners and relationships.

(iv) Some women authors wrote about the women who changed the world of both men and women.

As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category o{ readers. It is so because:

(i) Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry.

(ii) A children's press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857.

(iii) This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folktales.

(iv) The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants.

(v) Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version.

(vi) Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form. In this way, print recorded old tales but also changed them.

(i) In Bengal many historical novels were about Marathas and Rajputs which produced a sense of a Pan-India n belonging.

(ii) They imagined the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice.

(iii) Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay's Anguriya Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengali whose hero Shivaji engaged in many battles against a clever and treacherous Aurangzeb.

(iv) The imagined nation of the novel was so powerful that it could inspire actual political movements.

(v) Bankim's  'Anandmath' is a novel about a secret Hindu armed force that fight Muslims to establish a Hindu Kingdom.

(vi) It was a novel that inspired freedom fighters.

(vii) The novel helped in popularising the sense of examples belonging to a common nation.

(i) Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice

(ii) Charlotte Bronte's: Jane Eyre

(i) They encouraged women to look for good marriages and find wealthy or propertied husbands.

(ii) They also wrote about women who broke the established norms of society.

Novelists in colonial India wrote for a political cause because the novel was a powerful medium for expressing social defects and suggesting remedies for the same. It also helped establish a relationship with the past. Since people from all walks of life could read novels, it was an easy way to popularise anti-colonial ideas. It also helped bring about a sense of national unity among the people

The novel “Pariksha - Guru” portrays the difficulties of the new middle class in adapting to colonised society while preserving its cultural identity. It emphasises that Western ideals must be inculcated, but without sacrificing the traditional values of middle-class households. The characters in this Hindi novel by Srinivas Das are seen endeavouring to bridge the two different worlds of modern education and traditional ethics.

The novels helped to give people a vision of being ideal characters without losing one's identity in the following ways:

(i) Srinivas Dass 'Pariksha Guru' reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle

(ii) The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonial modernity and preserving their cultural identity.

(iii) The characters in the novel attempt to bridge two different worlds through their actions. They take to new agricultural technology, modernise trading practices, change the use of Indian languages making them capable of transmitting both western sciences and Indian wisdom.

(iv) The young are urged to cultivate the healthy habit of reading the newspaper.

(v) The novel also emphasises that all aspects must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of the middle-class household.

The novels helped to give people a vision of being ideal characters without losing one's identity in the following ways:

(i) Srinivas Dass 'Pariksha Guru' reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle

(ii) The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonial modernity and preserving their cultural identity.

(iii) The characters in the novel attempt to bridge two different worlds through their actions. They take to new agricultural technology, modernise trading practices, change the use of Indian languages making them capable of transmitting both western sciences and Indian wisdom.

(iv) The young are urged to cultivate the healthy habit of reading the newspaper.

(v) The novel also emphasises that all aspects must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of the middle-class household.

(i) The novelists played an important role in spreading social awareness by taking themes such as caste oppression, the life of the common people, marriage, practices, etc.

(ii) They tried to create social awareness on the prevalence of backward social customs which were exploitative in nature.

(iii) As early as 1857, Baba Padamanji's Yamuna Paryatan used a simple style of storytelling to speak about the plight of widows.

In 'Seva Sadan', Premchand deals mainly with the poor condition of women in societies. Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel, Social evils like caste oppression were highlighted by Potheri Kuniambu, a lower caste writer from North Kerala who wrote a novel called 'saraswativijayam' in 1892, mounting a strong attack on caste oppression. This man shows a young man from an untouchable caste leaving his village to escape the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord. He converts to Christianity, obtains modern education and leads a respectable life with his family.

(iv) Hence issues like the plight of widows, problems created by the early marriage of the girls and caste oppression were the important social issues which were highlighted through novels.

The novels helped to give people a vision of being ideal characters without losing one's identity in the following ways:

(i) Srinivas Dass 'Pariksha Guru' reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle

(ii) The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonial modernity and preserving their cultural identity.

(iii) The characters in the novel attempt to bridge two different worlds through their actions. They take to new agricultural technology, modernise trading practices, change the use of Indian languages making them capable of transmitting both western sciences and Indian wisdom.

(iv) The young are urged to cultivate the healthy habit of reading the newspaper.

(v) The novel also emphasises that all aspects must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of the middle-class household.

Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer was one of the early Muslim writers to gain wide renown as a novelist in Malayalam. Basheer had little formal education.

(i) Most of his works were based on his own rich personal experience rather than on books from the past.

(ii) His novels were written in an ordinary language of conservation.

(iii) His books were full of wonderful humour.

(iv) His novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households.

Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer was one of the early Muslim writers to gain wide renown as a novelist in Malayalam. Basheer had little formal education.

(i) Most of his works were based on his own rich personal experience rather than on books from the past.

(ii) His novels were written in an ordinary language of conservation.

(iii) His books were full of wonderful humour.

(iv) His novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households.

(i) Vaikkom Muhammad Bashir, a noted Malayalam novelist represented the underprivileged class.

(ii) He had little education and most of his writing was based on rich personal experience.

(iii) His novels and short stories were written in ordinary language with humour.

(iv) He wrote about Muslim households in great details and touched upon unconventional topics like poverty, insanity and life in prisons.

Yes, the novels played a significant role in creating awareness about issues relating to women in society. Its implications can be studied by the following points:

a) In the 18^th century the middle class became affluent so the women had more time to read and write novels. 

b) Novels began to explore the world of women, their emotions, identity, experience and problems. 

c) The domestic life became and important subject of novels. 

d) Women wrote about their experience, family life and earned recognition from the public. 

e) They also wrote about women who broke the traditional norms of the society before adjusting to them. 

f) These kinds of stories allowed the women readers to be sympathetic towards their life. 

g) For example, Jain Austen was a English novelist who wrote about the women in rural societies in the mid-19th century in Britain. She wrote about the dependence of women of marriage for economic security. 

h) At that time, women encouraged to married a wealthy man. 

i) Her famous novel, Pride and Prejudice depicts the man characters to be preoccupied with money and prosperity.

There were several reasons for the popularity of Novels in 18^th century Europe: 

● Novels created a world that was believable and seemed real. 

● It absorbed the minds of people, by transporting the reader to another person’s world so as to experience the life of the character in the novel. 

● Novels gave individuals the pleasure of reading in private, as well as the joy of publicly reading or discussing stories with friends or relatives. 

● Novels narrated sorties about ordinary people. It did not focus on the lives of great people or actions that change the destinies of states and empires. Rather they were about the everyday life of common people. 

● Novels created among readers a feeling of connection with the fate of rural communities.

During the time of the Great Depression, the peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers. The peasants were exploited by the powerful and elite members of the society- Landlords, moneylenders, priests, and colonial bureaucrats. With the growth of Capitalists and industrialist class, the labor class was oppressed. Peasants were caught in a debt trap and this burden multiplied over time.