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False 

In a terrestrial ecosystem, the green plants capture about 1% of the energy of sunlight that falls on their leaves and converts it into food energy.

C) Producers

Correct option  (A) Energy

Explanation:

Maximum energy is present in producers. As the energy passes into higher trophic levels along with the food, its amount decreases because of energy loss in the form of heat. Thus, pyramid of energy can never be inverted.

The answer is (a) 1 %

Green plants utilize 1% of radiation absorbed by leaf and use it for photosynthesis.

1. Perpetual: Never ending or changing.

2. Phytoplankton: Microscopic plants that live in watery environments both salty and fresh.

3. Regurgitate: Bring up again to the mouth (swallowed food). 

4. Substantial: Of considerable importance, size, or worth.

5. Rivulet: A small stream of water or another liquid.

C) b is true, a is false

1. In an aquatic ecosystem, the biomass of phytoplankton is quite negligible as compared to that of the crustaceans and small herbivorous fish that feed on these producers. 

2. The biomass of large carnivorous fish living on small fishes is still greater. This makes the pyramid of biomass inverted.

Pyramid of biomass is inverted in an aquatic ecosystem because the biomass of fishes far exceeds the biomass of phytoplanktons. Biomass pyramids show the relative amount of biomass in each of the trophic levels of an ecosystem. Biomass is simply the mass of living things in a particular trophic level.

The answer is (c) (ii) and (iii)

• In option (ii) plankton does not eat grass. 
• In option (iii) none of them eat grass hence option c) is the right answer

Answer is (C) lesser

1. Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in 1956. 

2. It was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial waste water from the Chisso corporation’s chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968.

3. This highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in Minimata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which, when eaten by the local populace, resulted in mercury poisoning. 

4. While cat, dog, pig and humans death continued for 36 years.

Bioderghradable Wastes 

1. Those waste materials which can be broken down to non-poisonous substances in nature by the action of microorganisms (like bacteria) are called biodegradable wastes. 

2. They get recycled and therefore do not require dumping sites. 

3. They do not cause any pollution to the soil. Example:- Paper, Wood, etc. 

Non-Biodegradable Wastes 

1. Those waste materials which cannot be broken down to non-poisonous substances in nature are called non-biodergradable wastes. 

2. They cannot be recycled easily and therefore are to be dumped which requires lot of space. This cause wastage of land. 

3. The harmful chemical leach out of these wastes when they are dumped in soil. This leads to soil pollution. 

Example:- DDT, Plastic and Polythene bags

D) Loss of biomass occur

We protect the plants: 

1. Watering of plants at regular intervals. 

2. Fencing or gaurding of plants. 

3. Adoption of plants. 

4. Providing organic manure.

i – c 

ii – e 

iii – a 

iv – b 

v – d

There are four major kinds of pollution : 

1. Air Pollution. 

2. Water Pollution. 

3. Land (Soil) Pollution. 

4. Noise Pollution.

Types of ecosystems :

1. Natural ecosystem 

2. Artificial ecosystem

C) Grasshopper and rabbit

1. Carrot → Rabbit → Snake → Eagle

2. Algae → Insect → Fish → Human

The answer is (b) ecological pyramid

• A series of organisms through which food energy flows in an ecosystem is called a food chain. 
• An ecosystem consists of all the living beings of an area and non-living components of their environment. 
• The graphic summary of the trophic structure and energy transfer in an ecosystem is called ecological pyramids

To protect food grains and cereals from pests and fungus, we will follow the following rules in our house. 

1. First of all we will dry and clean our grain before storing. 

2. We will avoid moisture in bagged grains by storing them on wooden structures, bamboo mats or polythene covers. 

3. We use domestic bins or improvised storage structures such as Gaade, Kotlu, Paatara, RCC bins and flat bottom metal bins etc. 

4. We fumigate the storage room with Ethylene Di-bromide (EDB) ampoules to avoid insect damage. 

5. We use anticoagulant for rat control in houses.

Segregation of waste at the point of its generation for convenient disposal.

Change in attitude producing less waste by adopting 3 R's policy.

Detailed Answer:

We can help in reducing the problem of waste disposal by these methods :

(i) By separating biodegradable substances from non-biodegradable substances.

(ii) By reducing, reusing and recycling non-biodegradable substances.

Effects of ozone depletion on health can be :

(i) Skin cancer 

(ii) Damage to eyes 

(iii) Effect on immunity 

(iv) Can change the structure of DNA.

Harmful effects of ozone depletion are:

1. It can cause skin cancer.

2. It damages the eyes by causing the eye disease called cataract.

3. It damages the immune system by lowering the body’s resistance to diseases.

(a) Cancer.

(b) Producer.

(c) Goat.

(d) Rabbit.

(e) Lion.

Organisms which feed upon small carnivores and constitute the fourth trophic level.

Examples: Hawk, lion.

Ozone layer depletion increases the amount of UV rays that reaches the Earth’s surface. 

● Skin Cancer- it is estimated that skin cancer rates increased due to the decrease in stratospheric ozone (ozone layer). The most common type of skin cancer is the cause of exposures to UV radiation from sun. 

● UV rays have been linked to the development of cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s lens.

Ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful ultra violet radiations coming from the sun and prevents them from reaching the earth.

 (d) Causes typhoid

Living Organism - Plants and Animals.

Biological magnification.

1. All the organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food. 

2. The food by its nature is the chemical energy and by in its stored form, it is the potential energy. 

3. In an ecosystem, all the consumers at any level depend upon producers for their food either directly or indirectly. 

4. The producers in any ecosystem are nothing but photosynthetic organisms such as plants, phytoplanktons and photosynthetic bacteria. 

5. Energy enters the producers in the ecosystem from the sun in the form of solar energy during photosynthesis. 

6. From the producers, the chemical energy passes to the consumers from one tropic level to the next through food. 

7. For example, in a grassland ecosystem, grass traps the solar energy and stores in its body. 

8. When this grass is eaten and assimilated by insects this stored energy enters into the body of insects. 

9. From the insects it will pass to frog, from them to snake and so on to eagle. 

10. Thus, all the energy in the ecosystem is ultimately derived from sunlight.

When UV radiations from the sun reaches earth’s atmosphere which is heavily rich in oxygen. Then these UV rays split molecular oxygen (O₂-reactant) into free oxygen (O-Product). Afterwards, this free oxygen reacts with molecular oxygen; it forms ozone (O₃-Finalproduct).

O₂ \(\overset{UV}\longrightarrow\) O + O

O + O₂ → O₃  (Ozone)

(A) Both a & b are true

A) Pyramid of biomass

C) Grasshopper

Two biotic components of a biosphere are plants and animals.

Only 10 percent energy is available from the first trophic level to second trophic level.

= 1000 joules

Correct option is D) A and C

(A) 1 – b, 2 – c 3 – a

Producers, consumers and decomposers are the biotic components of a biosphere.

Answer is (D) A and C

Grass → deer → tiger .

100 Joules of energy will be available to the organism of the 2nd trophic level.

Air, water, soil, sunlight are called Abiotic factors.

Abiotic components of an environment include soil and water.

(A) Biosphere

Charles Elton relates to Ecology

On applying the 10% law to the food chain, the organisms of the 2nd trophic level of the food chain
will have 10/100 * 10000= 1,000 joules of energy.

If all the snakes of food chain are killed, the peacocks belonging to the next level will also die. Also, the population of rats in the preceding level will highly increase.