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51.

What is used as a photodetector in pulse oximetry?(a) Phototransistor(b) Solar cell(c) Photodiode(d) Photographic platesI have been asked this question in quiz.My enquiry is from Pulse Oximeter topic in chapter Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Correct answer is (c) Photodiode

Explanation: Pulse oximetry is a particularly CONVENIENT noninvasive measurement method. Typically it utilizes a PAIR of SMALL light-emitting diodes (LEDs) facing a photodiode through a translucent part of the PATIENT’s body, usually a fingertip or an earlobe. One LED is red, with a wavelength of 660 nm, and the other is infrared, 905, 910, or 940 nm.
Discussion
52.

The toco-transducers are temperature sensitive.(a) True(b) FalseI had been asked this question in an online quiz.This interesting question is from Ear Oximeter in section Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Right OPTION is (b) FALSE

To elaborate: False, the toco-transducers are LOCATION sensitive. They should be placed over the fundus where there is maximum motion with the contractions. The toco-tonometer transducer cannot be used in the same place as the foetal heart RATE detector, thus the PATIENT must have two transducers on her abdomen.
Discussion
53.

Which transducer is arranged in the shape of a clover leaf so that it provides a large area of illumination?(a) piezo-electric(b) ultrasonic(c) array(d) pressureThis question was addressed to me during an interview.My question is from Oximeters in chapter Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

The correct option is (b) ultrasonic

Explanation: The ultrasonic transducer is arranged in the shape of a clover-leaf so that it provides a LARGE area of ultrasonic illumination which allows the monitoring considerable lateral and descending foetal motion before requiring REPOSITIONING. The transducer housing is flexible to permit it to FOLLOW the contour of the abdomen regardless of shape CHANGES with CONTRACTIONS.
Discussion
54.

What is the ratio of the sampling time to wash time?(a) 1:2(b) 3:1(c) 2:1(d) 1:3I had been asked this question during an interview for a job.My doubt is from Skin Reflectance Oximeters topic in chapter Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer» RIGHT choice is (c) 2:1

Easiest explanation: Between each sampling, the crook ENTERS a receptacle of WATER or other suitable wash fluid, to REDUCE cross-contamination of one sample with another. The ratio of sampling time to wash time is NORMALLY 2:1.
Discussion
55.

The normal red cell lasts approximately ______ before it is destroyed.(a) 90 days(b) 210 days(c) 120 days(d) 60 daysThe question was posed to me in a job interview.Origin of the question is Intravascular Oximeters in division Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Right answer is (C) 120 days

The explanation is: In the whole body, there are about 25 billion erythrocytes and they are constantly being destroyed and replaced at a rate of about 9000 MILLION per hour. The normal red CELL lasts approximately 120 days before it is destroyed.
Discussion
56.

1 f/l = ____(a) 10^18(b) 10^15(c) 10^-18(d) 10^-15The question was asked in homework.This intriguing question comes from Intravascular Oximeters in division Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) 10^-15

The EXPLANATION is: f/l = Femolitres

1f/l = 10^-15.
Discussion
57.

Portable pulse oximeters are useful for ______ whose oxygen levels may decrease at high altitude.(a) Athlete(b) Swimmer(c) Mountain climber(d) FisherThe question was asked in a job interview.Asked question is from Pulse Oximeter in chapter Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Correct answer is (c) Mountain climber

The explanation is: Portable pulse oximeter is also USEFUL for mountain climbers and athletes whose OXYGEN LEVELS MAY decrease at high altitudes or with exercise. Some portable pulse OXIMETERS employ software that charts a patient’s blood oxygen and pulse, serving as a reminder to check blood oxygen levels.
Discussion
58.

What is the range of Instantaneous beat to beat rate digitally displayed?(a) 0 to 50 bpm(b) 50 to 210 bpm(c) 210 to 350 bpm(d) 350 to 410 bpmThis question was posed to me in an interview.Question is taken from Ear Oximeter topic in portion Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

The correct answer is (b) 50 to 210 BPM

To explain: Instantaneous “beat-to-beat” rate is displayed on a calibrated LINEAR scale or digitally displayed with a RANGE from 50 to 210 bpm. A two-channel chart recorder is incorporated in instruments USED for monitoring labour activity. One channel records FHR on a calibrated chart in beats per minute (50–210 bpm) while the other channel is used for recording uterine contractions calibrated 0-100 mmHg.
Discussion
59.

Blood flow detectors based on Doppler shift start detecting foetal pulses as early as in which week of pregnancy?(a) tenth(b) eleventh(c) twelfth(d) ninthI have been asked this question at a job interview.Query is from Oximeters in portion Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer» CORRECT option is (b) eleventh

For explanation: Blood flow detectors based on ultrasonic Doppler shift can detect foetal pulse as early as the tenth WEEK of pregnancy and in nearly all cases by the twelfth week. At about 20 weeks it is possible to detect multiple pregnancies especially if two instruments are used together and the pulse RATES compared. Intrauterine DEATH of the foetus can also be diagnosed.
Discussion
60.

In phasing, if the cholesterol stream arrives at Y time, albumin must arrive at ______(a) Y + 5 s(b) Y + 10 s(c) Y + 15 s(d) Y + 20 sThis question was posed to me in a job interview.My question is based upon Skin Reflectance Oximeters topic in portion Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Right answer is (c) Y + 15 s

Easiest explanation: With 12 tests to be recorded on each sample and a sampling rate of 60 samples per HOUR, it follows that 5 s are ALLOWED to record each steady state plateau. The reaction streams in the 12 channels and up to FOUR blank channels must, therefore, be phased to arrive at the colorimeter in waves 5 s apart. For example, if the cholesterol stream arrives at X TIME, calcium must arrive at X + 5 s, total protein at X + 10 s, ALBUMIN at X + 15 s, etc.
Discussion
61.

Which of the following is not the method of cell counting?(a) Microscopic method(b) Electrical conductivity method(c) Automatic optical method(d) Electroscopic methodThis question was addressed to me during an interview.This key question is from Intravascular Oximeters topic in section Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Correct option is (d) Electroscopic method

The explanation is: There are three METHODS of cell COUNTING: i) Microscopic method, ii)Automatic optical method, iii) ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY method.
Discussion
62.

The transmitting crystal emits 40° divergent beam so that the beam covers an area of approximately _____ cm diameter.(a) 10(b) 20(c) 30(d) 40I had been asked this question in an interview for job.This question is from Oximeters topic in division Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Correct option is (a) 10

The explanation is: An alternative arrangement is the array transducer which has one transmitter and six peripheral ceramic receiving CRYSTALS. The transmitting CRYSTAL emits a 40° divergent beam so that at 10 cm from the skin surface the beam covers an area of APPROXIMATELY 10 cm diameter.
Discussion
63.

Which of the following is not the part of the manifold?(a) Transmission tubing(b) Pump tubes(c) Platter(d) Plastic tubesThe question was posed to me in an internship interview.The origin of the question is Skin Reflectance Oximeters topic in section Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

Right choice is (d) Plastic tubes

The explanation is: A manifold mainly consists of a platter, pump tubes, coils, transmission tubing, fittings and connections. A separate manifold is required for each DETERMINATION and the change can be effected within a few minutes. The pump tubing and the connected coils are placed on a manifold platter, which KEEPS them in proper ORDER for each test.
Discussion
64.

What is maximum ultrasound intensity of narrow beam transducer?(a) 15 mW/cm^2(b) 20 mW/cm^2(c) 25 mW/cm^2(d) 30 mW/cm^2I got this question during an internship interview.Origin of the question is Oximeters topic in division Oximeters of Biomedical Instrumentation

Answer»

The CORRECT answer is (c) 25 mW/cm^2

For explanation: The narrow BEAM TRANSDUCER uses a single ultrasound transmitter/receiver piezo-electric crystal pair. The maximum ultrasound intensity is generally kept below 25 mW/cm^2. The typical transducer diameter is 25 mm. The narrow beam transducer is very sensitive and produces a good trigger signal for INSTANTANEOUS heart rate determination.
Discussion