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Correct answer is (b) 1:4

Best explanation: Basophils form 0.5% of all WBCs and NEUTROPHIL CONSTITUTE 2% of WBCs. Basophils go to the site of INJURY and cause INFLAMMATION. The PRESENCE of this inflammation brings in eosinophils which surround the area and attack the source of the problem.

Right answer is (c) 100 ml stored in the spleen

The explanation: Spleen stores almost three months of reserves of blood. When the body suffers from blood loss due to INJURY or trauma, the spleen releases blood to ACT as a buffer and prevent any critical situations from happening. Even after blood DONATION, the spleen releases blood to cover up for the loss. It takes almost three months for the spleen to recover its lost blood.

Right option is (c) Pregnancy

The explanation: Erythroblastosis foetalis is a condition that may happen to a woman when she is pregnant. When a woman with RH- blood type CONCEIVES a BABY with RH+ blood type, the BODY perceives it as a threat and starts producing antibodies. This can CAUSE the baby to die in the womb and so RH factor must be monitored especially if the woman is RH-. CERTAIN medications and treatments can help reverse this condition.

Right option is (B) Tissues

Easy EXPLANATION: Histology STANDS for the study of tissues while pathology stands for the study of diseases or abnormal conditions. THUS, the histopathology lab will deal with diseased or abnormal tissues.

The CORRECT option is (a) Males

For explanation: Haemophilia is a genetic problem in which the X chromosome is the carrier of the mutated gene. If a person is suffering from hemophilia, their blood has lost the ABILITY to clot or the blood CLOTTING ability has gone down. Since MEN have one X and one Y chromosome, they are more susceptible to get hemophilia.

The correct OPTION is (b) Agglutination

For explanation I WOULD say: The blood group is determined by the presence of antigen on the surface of the blood cells. When this antigen exists for one group, an antibody for the other group will exist as WELL. THUS, when the blood of the opposing group ENTERS the body, the antibody attacks the antigen and they form a clump. This is called as agglutination.

Correct option is (d) In Megakaryocytes

The BEST explanation: Megakaryocytes simply mean cells with a large nucleus and they are found in the bone MARROW. Normally, there is 1 megakaryocyte for every 10,000 cells of the bone marrow. These megakaryocytes break into SMALLER pieces and give rise to PLATELETS.

The correct choice is (b) centrifuge

Easiest explanation: The various COMPONENTS of blood precipitate at various speeds. The centrifuge ROTATES at high speed and the components depending upon their density separate out. The high speed CAUSES them to clump TOGETHER and then they either float up or sink down.

Right answer is (a) EOSINOPHILS have a bilobed nucleus and basophils have a SINGLE ROUND nucleus

To explain: Eosinophils and basophils are both granulocytes i.e. they have granules in their CYTOPLASM. Their granules are stained with dyes of different pH and their nucleus is differentiated by the lobes they have.

Right ANSWER is (a) Auto analyzer

The best explanation: An auto analyzer has various tests and processes of doing those tests fed into it. It can do a test for over hundred samples using MINIMUM AMOUNTS of blood within a SPAN of few hours. Thus, an auto analyzer is CURRENTLY the most favorite machine to do the various tests regarding blood.

The CORRECT answer is (c) 8

To explain I would say: Blood is classified into two FACTORS, antigen-antibody and rhesus factor. There are two types of antigens A and B. The cells having antigen A have antibody B while those having antigen B have antibody A. This MAKES the blood group A and B. AB blood group have both antigens A and B and no antibodies. Blood group has no antigens but antibodies for both. This makes four blood groups A, B, AB, O. The presence and ABSENCE of Rh factor MAKE these four blood groups into 8. A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O-.

Right choice is (c) hematopoietic cells

The explanation: Hemato is a term that related to blood. All the cellular components of the blood originate from the hematopoietic cells. They are found in the bone marrow of the long bones and are SELF renewing in nature.These are also CONSIDERED as stem cells as they can give RISE to DIFFERENT TYPES of cells.

Correct choice is (b) Diapedesis

The best I can explain: When a WBC or a neutrophil, in this case, is MOVING out of the blood VESSELS, the SIZE of the pores in the blood vessels is too small as compared to the size of the WBC. Thus, for the WBCS to come out, they squeeze out a tiny amoeboid LEG out if the pore and slowly move out. This process is diapedesis.

Correct option is (a) HAEMOGLOBIN

To explain: An important component of haemoglobin is iron. When the QUANTITY of iron GOES down in body, it CAUSES the haemoglobin content of the body to go down. Anemia symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, shortness of BREATH etc.

The correct choice is (c) Low level of PLATELETS

To explain I would say: While dengue expresses itself in the form of fever, the sure TEST for dengue is the REDUCTION in the number of platelets. The loss of platelets reduces the blood clotting capacity. When a person suffers from external injury the BLEEDING does not stop easily. When there is a severe reduction of platelets, the person MAY suffer from internal bleeding and die.

Correct option is (c) Liver

Best EXPLANATION: Kupffer cells is another name for megakaryocytes. These are Monocytic Agranulocytes, i.e. agranular WBCs having one large nucleus. They LEAVE the Blood Vessels and can enlarge almost 30 times their size. The megakaryocytes of the BRAIN are called mircoglial cells, lungs are alveolar macrophages, liver is Kupffer cells and for LYMPH NODES, spleen and bone marrow, they are sinuslining macrophages.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (a) Antigen and antibody

To explain: The blood groups have antigens which produce antibodies for the opposite blood group. THUS, blood group A has antigen A and it PRODUCES antibody B against the blood group B which contains antigen B. When a blood test is done, the blood of group A will clump up when antigen B is added to the taken blood. In the same way, the blood of group B will clump when antigen A is added. For blood group AB, no CLUMPING happens and for group O, clumping happens for both Antigen A and B.

Correct choice is (c) Rhesus Factor

Best explanation: Rhesus factor, ALSO known as antigen D is USED to CLASSIFY blood into positive and NEGATIVE. If the RH factor is present, it is called +ve blood type. If the RH factor is ABSENT, it is called as -ve blood type.

The correct option is (c) 30PGM

For explanation I would say: HAEMOGLOBIN is the protein that is responsible for the transport of OXYGEN and carbon-dioxide from the LUNGS to the cells in the body. Haemoglobin is carried by the RBCs and every RBC has 30pgm of haemoglobin.

Right choice is (a) HIV

The EXPLANATION is: HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV ATTACKS the immune SYSTEM of the body and causes AIDS (ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome). A common method for HIV to propagate is through the TRANSFUSION of blood. It can stay hidden for long periods of time and can be discovered much later after it has attacked.

Correct choice is (a) hematocrit

For explanation: The blood is COLLECTED, HEPARIN is added to it and then the blood is centrifugated at 10,000 RPM. Then the blood is left to settle down. The cells due to higher weight settle down and the plasma floats up. The RBCs have the highest density so they settle down at the BOTTOM. Then comes a LAYER of WBCs and then platelets. The plasma is collected above the platelets.

Right option is (c) -10℃ –-60℃

To EXPLAIN: When pathological samples are collected, they may have to be stored for further STUDY or for FUTURE use. They are stored at a temperature of -10℃ –-60℃. At this temperature, the solution used for PRESERVING FREEZES without causing damage to the samples.

The correct option is (a) Mature RBCs are biconcave while non – mature RBCs are round

To elaborate: When an RBC is produced in the bone marrow of the long BONES, it is round in SHAPE. It has a nucleus and a mitochondira. However, once the RBC matures, it looses its nucleus and mitochondira. THUS, the RBC are unable to reproduce by cell division or produce ENERGY for themselves. Since the nucleus is usually the biggest organelle, the loss of nucleus makes the RBC become biconcave.

Correct answer is (b) 22℃

Explanation: Once the blood is collected, it is stored at 22℃. At this temperature, the blood proteins are SAFE from degeneration, the cells function properly and the PRESENCE of anticoagulants ENSURES that the blood is not CLOTTING.

Correct option is (a) separate DNA

Explanation: An electrophoresis machine uses the charge present on the substance and the weight of the substance to separate the various components of the substance. The DNA strand is taken and broken at various places which is detected by MARKERS. These STRANDS all possess individual charges and weights. When a potential difference is developed ACROSS the two ENDS, the strands start moving according to their weight and charges. Thus, the strands of the DNA GET separated.

Right choice is (a) O –

To explain: In O- the antigens for A and B are both absent and so is the ANTIGEN D (more commonly known as the RHESUS factor). Thus, O- can donate blood to all TYPES of blood GROUPS quite safely.

Correct CHOICE is (b) 8 – 12 days

Easy explanation: Platelets are formed from the megakaryocyes. Thus, ESSENTIALLY, they are broken parts of a cell and thus must be removed EVENTUALLY to avoid any problems to the BODY. Thus, within 8 – 12 days, the liver removes them from BLOOD circulation.

Correct option is (b) Sodium Hypochlorite

To elaborate: Sodium Hypochlorite acts like a bleaching agent. When it is dissolved in WATER and used to clean the LABS, it gives off nascent oxygen. This oxygen is highly reactive and dangerous to microbes. It destroys the microbes that may have grown in the lab. It also HELPS remove stains due to its reactive NATURE and THUS reduces/destroys the environment for microbes to breed.

The correct answer is (a) sodium citrate

The explanation is: Sodium Citrate is an ANTICOAGULANT. ADDING it ensures that the blood does not coagulate in the blood bags. If the blood is left static, i.e. if it does not keep moving, it starts COAGULATING. Once even if a small amount of blood has coagulated, even if it has a few cells, the coagulation spreads. The coagulation of blood can begin within a few minutes after extraction of blood and can finish within a few hours. To avoid this SITUATION, ANTICOAGULANTS are used.

Correct choice is (a) Laminar Airflow

The BEST explanation: A laminar AIR flow is like a sterile work station. It has a UV lamp and the whole chamber is aerated with sterile air to destroy any unwanted microorganisms. When any work is being done with microorganisms, they are placed in a petridish and placed in the laminar air flow. This ALLOWS sufficient aeration to the organisms without POSING danger to the scientists. The scientists can work on the organisms by using gloves and accessing the chamber via special small holes which are wide enough for only the arms to pass through. THUS, the body stays out while the work in being done. This allows for isolation and maintains sterility.

Right choice is (b) biopsy

To elaborate: A cell is the smallest individually functioning UNIT of a body. Thus, when a body is diseased, all the cells of the diseases tissues shows a similar kind of RESPONSE and reactions. Thus, a small part of the diseased TISSUE is extracted which is USED to study and analyze the problem.This is CALLED a biopsy.