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Correct option is (c) power

The communist party is allowed to rule in China.

More than 750 parties are registered with the Election Commission of India.

Main features of two-party system:

(i) Power usually changes between two parties, several other parties may exist.

(ii) In such system, people get clear choice.

(iii) The party that wins majority forms the government and the other sits in opposition.

(iv) Strong opposition is good for democracy.

(v) Prompt decisions are taken and implemented.

(vi) More development and less corruption.

1. The Political Party whose number of candidates elected is more than the others is called the majority party.

2. The Majority Party forms and runs the government

Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.

Relationship between democracy and development are:

(i) Democracies are expected to produce development.

(ii) Development depends upon many factors, i.e., size of population, global situation, cooperation from other countries, etc. In democracies, time is taken on discussion and reaching at a decision. So, it is slow, but it is not unjust or inappropriate.

Multiparty system:

If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-party system.

India adopted a Multi-party system because:

(i) There is social and geographical diversity in India.

(ii) India is such a large country which is not easily absorbed by two or three parties.

(iii) The system allows a variety of interests and opinions to en joy political representation.

Democracy is considered to be successful because:

(i) The rulers elected by the people must take all major decision and not the rich and powerful.

(ii) The election must offer a free choice and opportunity to the people.

(iii) The choice should be available to all the people based on political equality.

There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world because:

(i) A democratic government is people's own government.

(ii) The avidence from South Asia shows that the support exists in countries with democratic regimes.

(iii) People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

(iv) People believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

(v) Democracy has the ability to generate its own support which in itself is an outcome that cannot be ignored.

Relationship between democracy and development are:

(i) Democracies are expected to produce development.

(ii) Development depends upon many factors, i.e., size of population, global situation, cooperation from other countries, etc. In democracies, time is taken on discussion and reaching at a decision. So, it is slow, but it is not unjust or inappropriate.

Bi-party system:

(i) In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties. It is also known as two party system.

(ii) In this system, the government is formed by one party and the other plays the role of opposition.

Merit-This system allows stability of government as no coalition is there.

Demerit-In this system, only two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority seats to form the government.

Answer is UK, USA

Merits of Democracy are:

(i) Democracy assures equality in every sphere of life like political, social and economic.

(ii) It upholds basic individual liberties like freedom of speech, etc.

(iii) Due obedience to laws.

Bi - party system is a party system where two major political parties dominate the government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority or governing party while the other is the minority or opposition party.

Two-party system or Bi-party system:-
Merits:-

i) Stable government (as the chance of winning is more since there are only 2 parties).

ii) Strong opposition (as only one party forms opposition, it gets a lot of attention from media and people).
iii) Responsible government (because if they commit mistake, opposition will gain advantage).

Demerits:-

i) Undemocratic(as there is not much choice provided for people).
ii) Cabinet dictatorship (since winning chance of same party is more it can lead dictatorship of the winning candidate).

Merits of mono-party system-

a. Political Stability – since there is no opposition party so government is strong and cannot be removed out of power. 

b. Less Expensive- There is only one party and one candidate of the party, not so much money is spent on the election. 

Demerit of one party system- 

a. No political competition - it gives no choice to the voters. 

b. Leads to dictatorship - Undemocratic government can become dictatorial.

Democracy is based on political equality:

(i) AII citizens have an equal role in electing representatives.

(ii) Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political arena, we find growing economic inequalities.

(iii) Democracy does not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.

(iv) The ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income.

(v) At the bottom of the society, the people have very little to depend on.

(vi) It is difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health.

(i) Parties that are present in only one of the federal units. 

(ii) Parties that are present in several or all units of the federation. 

It is true some people think that democracy produces a less effective government because:

(i) Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion.

(ii) They can be very quick and efficient in decision-making and implementation.

(iii) But democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take place.

(iv) Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone.

(v) Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens.

(vi) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population.

Ways in which democracy can be redefined to make democracy more effective:

(i) Ensures that views of minority are respected.

(ii) Eliminates caste, religion and gender based discrimination.

(iii) People enjoy extensive rights from right to vote to participate in elections.

(iv) People enjoy social and economic rights.

(i) If we consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have a slightly higher rate of economic growth.

(ii) Economic development depends on several factors: country's population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc.

(iii) However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible.

(iv) Overall, it cannot be said that democracy is a guarantee of economic development. But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorships in this respect.

(v) With such a significant difference in the rates of economic growth between countries under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other positive outcomes.

For example: North Korea has higher rate of economic growth than India.

Democracy is more effective than its other alternatives:

(i) Democracy promotes equality among citizens.

(ii) It enhances the dignity of the individual.

(iii) It also improves the quality of decision-making.

(iv) It provides a method to resolve conflicts.

(v) It gives room to correct mistakes.

(vi) Democratic government is a legitimate government.

(vii) Democracy's ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.

(i) Imagine a government that may take decisions very fast. But it may take decisions that are not accepted by the people and may, therefore, face problems.

(ii) In contrast, the democratic government will take more time to follow procedure before arriving at a decision.

(iii) However, because it has followed procedure, its decisions may be more acceptable to the people and more effective. So, the cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it.

(i) Political parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party. 

(ii) Those parties, that lose the elections, play role of the opposition. They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government. 

(iii) Political parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. The political parties put before various problems of the country and try to explain them in an easy way through magazines, booklets and meetings.

Democracy is seen to be good in principles but not in practice because of the following reasons:

(i) The decision making process in democracy is time-taking, whereby justice delayed is justice denied.

(ii) The tyranny of the majority overrides the will of the minority.

(iii) Corruption and red-tapism dominates the functioning of democracies.

(iv) An illiterate and uninformed electorate fails to give itself a legitimate and accountable government.

(v) The role of charismatic leaders and dynastic politics dominates political cultures.

Effective measures to reform political parties are:

(i) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.

(ii) It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members.

(iii) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets; about 1/3rd to its women candidates.

(iv) There should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party.

(v) There should be state funding of elections.

(vi) The government should give parties money to support their election expenses in kind for example petrol, paper, telephone, etc., or in cash.

(vii) Vote casting should be made compulsory in each election.

(viii) Data regarding caste and religion, OBC, SC, ST should not be utilized during election period in any form.

Efforts made by the legal organizations to reform political parties in India:

(i) To check defection, the Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLA's and MPS's from changing parties.

(ii) The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminal, by making it mandatory to produce an affidavit giving details of the property and criminal cases pending.

(iii) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organizational election and file their income tax returns.