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The pressure horn Causes noise pollution which increases blood pressure, disturbs concentration, lowers working capacity and may lead to nervous disorders. Hence, use of pressure horn is prohibited Try certain places like near hospitals, schools and residential complexes etc.

Some solid particles (pollutants) are also present in the smoke. Hence, to remove these solid pollutants from smoke, it is advised to use electrostatic precipitators in the chimneys.

In cities, about 80% of the total air pollution is caused by automobiles (vehicles). Hence, to control air pollution, it is mandatory to take a pollution certificate for the vehicles from the traffic police.

1. More than 50% of the air pollution is caused by vehicular traffic. 

2. Particulate matter, unburnt hydrocarbons, CO, nitrogen oxides and carcinogenic hydrocarbons are present in the automobile exhausts. 

3. Fossil fuels like petrol, diesel, natural gas, gasoline, etc. which are burnt to run the automobiles lead to the emission of CO₂ and other gases. 

4. Therefore, vehicles are said to be the major contributors to air pollution. 

5. The only vehicle which is nonpolluting is bicycle. The four-wheelers which are battery operated are also manufactured recently.

These two types of vehicles are eco-friendly. The cars that run on C.N.G. are also said to be lesser polluting.

1. All the automobiles use fossil used to soften the water. fuels Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution by gaseous pollutants as well as by particulates. 

2. Toxic gases such as CO, CH₄ , SO₂ , etc. are emitted through automobile exhausts. 

3. When each person uses private vehicles, the proportion of air pollution increases. 

4. Instead, public transport helps to reduce air pollution it will also help to ease trafficams. 

5. Therefore, as a role of citizen in pollution control, public transport should be used instead of private vehicles.

Maximum permissible smoke density in diesel vehicles is 65 HSU.

Soil is the basic need of agriculture. If the soil is polluted, the crops will be harmful to health and quality.

Soil pollution is defined as the change in physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil through man’s intervention resulting in degradation in quality and productivity of soil.

Water pollution is caused by contamination of water by an alteration in physical, chemical, biological characteristics of water making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state.

Noise is a source of pollution because noise pollution is done by the extreme noise of industrial sector, transport, loud speakers etc., which adversely affect human health causing severe headache, migraine, mental disbalance, nervous breakdown, heart diseases. 

Noise is a health hazard. Exposure to prolonged noise has many physical, physiological and psychological effects on human beings in the following ways: 

1. repeated exposure to noise reduces the sleeping hours 

2. productivity or efficiency of a human being 

3. it affects the peace of mind and invades the privacy of a human being.

The bioindicator of pollution is Lichens.

Addition of any unwanted substance in the environment that may cause harm to the organism called pollution.

A free living nitrogen fixing blue-green alga is Sunn hemp.

The unfavourable alteration in the environment brought about by an unreasonably loud noise affecting our physical and mental health is called Noise Pollution.

Pollution is the addition of any such constituent to air, water or land which deteriorates the natural quality of the environment.

Radioactive pollution is done by cosmic radiation from space, terrestrial radiation from radio-isotopes from earth’s crust, nuclear fuels in atomic plants, atomic bombs etc.

Soil pollution

Major Pollutants of air are: Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, fly ash and suspended particulate matter (SPM).

Air pollution due to pollens

Controlling air pollution:

1. From domestic combustion: Reducing pollution from domestic cooking; clean cooking- kerosene as a desirable cooking fuel in rural areas.

2. From Industries: Measures for controlling industrial air pollution—technological measures (energy efficient devices, clean technologies), meteorological controls; zoning strategy; penalties and subsidies; Case Study: The Taj Trapezium.

3. From Vehicles: Vehicle emission control—modify engine design (catalytic converters, four stroke engines), clean fuels, public transport options, traffic management, economic policy measures.

Water pollution-Contaminated food and water due to bacteria or virus

Besides global warming, change in climate air pollution also has certain bad impact on the environment. Depletion of ozone layer intensifies ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Intensified radiation will cause a significant increase in skin cancer and eventually have lethal effects on many organisms, including man. In plants such enhanced level of UV radiation are feared to cause stunted growth, short, thick stems, smaller leaves.

Biodegradable Pollutants :

1. These may be degraded ‘‘after some time by biological or microbial actions.

2. These are sewage, domestic garbage of kitchen etc.

Non-biodegradable Pollutants : 

1. These are not degraded by any biological or microbial actions. 

2. These include plastics, pesticides and radioactive materials.

Quantitative Pollutants : 

1. The excess of CO2, Nitrogen oxide etc. pollute the atmosphere. 

2. These create unhealthy atmosphere due to the scarcity of oxygen. 

Qualitative Pollutants : 

1. Use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers pollute the composition of atmosphere. 

2. These result in various diseases, e.g. skin cancer asthma etc.

The UV rays cause (genetic, mentally, physical) disorders Genetic ultimately affect heredity. 

Air pollution-Smog 

(The sentence should have the word Smog and not fog. Smog is fog with smoke. Only fog cannot be polluting, but the smog is.)

Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or biological material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in it.

Bacteria breaking down dead organisms to liberate nitrogen is Nitrifying bacteria.

Smog is a combination of smoke and fog.

Industrial effluents, mining wastes, sewage disposal and domestic wastes, agricultural wastes.

(a) Human waste,  

(b) Industrial waste, 

(c) Chemical runoff.

Soil pollution caused due to use of pesticides in agriculture. 

(a) Chemicals, 

(b) Smokes and Exhaust, 

(c) Heat Pollution.

Correct option is (a) Inorganic

Natural pollution takes place by increasing the quantity of Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere but man-made pollution is done by using pesticides, chemical fertilizers.

A pollutant is a product released into the biosphere disturbing the normal functioning of the ecosystem due to its adverse effect on plants, animals and man.

Air is composed of gases, water vapours and Dust particles.

The natural causes of the water pollution: 

1. If organic pollutants are added to the water there is an overgrowth of weeds such as Eichhornia. The growth of algae also makes the water unsuitable for consumption. These aquatic plants release oxygen during daytime but by night they require oxygen thus depleting the dissolved oxygen level. The natural characters of water are then changed.

2. The decomposing matter when added to the water make it polluted and stinking. 

3. Due to deposition of sludge or eroded soil, the rivers change their path and divert from original flow. The currents are also changed. Deposition of sludge makes the water polluted.

4. Due to soil erosion, surrounding the water bodies, the microbes, bacteria, protozoans and the worms and larvae of nematodes enter the water causing severe biological pollution. Many inorganic pollutants are also added to the water. The fungand bacteria present in the water make it non-potable. Such water spreads water-borne diseases.

Air pollution: 

1. Be a part of the solution and not part of pollution. 

2. Show your care, clean your air. 

Water pollution: 

1. Water, water everywhere, Not a drop to drink. The pollution is making all the water stink. 

2. Save the fish and the little turtle. Don’t throw plastic or it will encircle. 

Soil Pollution: 

1. Don’t be mean, keep environment clean.

2. Let’s keep land clean, together only we can win.

Air pollution: 

1. New buildings are constructed. Old structures are demolished. This is creating lots of dust pollution. The air is full of particulate matter. 

2. The number of vehicles on the road has tremendously increased. This causes smoky environment.

Water pollution:

1. The sea shows lots of floating plastic and decaying flowers, etc. When beaches are visited it is a common sight. 

2. Many fishes are seen dying in great numbers and are washed off to the shore.

Soil pollution : 

1. Everywhere garbage heaps are seen. In that plastic bags, needles, old medicine vials and cartons are seen in abundance. 

2. The sludge brought by rainwater is spread everywhere and that causes stink.

Soil pollution usually results from the disposal of solid and semi-solid wastes in agricultural practices, industrial processes and unsanitary habits.

if waste materials contaminate the source of drinking water Typhoid diseases will spread.

Replacement of coal by the oil fuel has increa sed the problem of pollution. The presence of oil in a water course is undesirable since it creates aesthetic problems. It has a tendency to spread over the surface of water; diffusion of oxygen into water is inhibited and reaeration of water is affected.

Soil is the foundation of a healthy biosphere. Precipitation from air as acid rain and dry deposition of pollutants on land surface contribute to soil pollution. Pollutants combine with plant nutrients and are consumed by animals. Polluted soils unfavourably affect the microbial environment resulting in reduction in mineralization and decomposition processes. Soil fertility and aeration are also reduced, earthworms, nematodes, etc., are destroyed by toxic chemicals.

Some atoms (for instance uranium) are unstable and tend to change into other types of atoms. When they change them release energy and sometimes particles. These atoms are radioactive and the energy or particles released is radiation. Radiation can damage materials, including living tissue.

The above picture depicts the formation and effects of acid rain. The toxic gases such as SO₂ , CO₂ and NO₂ are released through the chimneys of factories. These oxides are released in air. They get dissolved in the rainwater and reach back the earth’s surface in the form of acids. The plants, animals and houses are being damaged due to this acid rain.

The following methods are adopted to control air pollution from the industries:

1. The source discharge is diluted by tall chimneys. 

2. There are source correction methods like changing the raw material, equipment modification, process modification, etc.

3. Effective pollution controlling equipment like dust collectors, electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers, etc. should be used. 

4. There should be ban and control over atomic tests and chemical weapons on the international level.

Radiation can lead to severe health hazards. Effects of non-ionizing radiation at low level are uncertain but of ionizing radiation at high level can cause cancer and increase in chromosome damage.