Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The countries with super high human development are Norway, Australia, United States of America, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, France, United Kingdom, and Argentina.

The four major factors of Human Development are: 

1. Equity 

2. Sustainability 

3. Productivity 

4. Empowerment.

From the point of view of Human Development Index, the countries of the world are divided into 4 categories. The countries with super high human development index, the countries with high human development index, the countries with medium human development index and the countries with low human development index.

On the basis of Human Development Index, the world can be classified into 3 main parts: 

1. High human development category 

2. Medium human development category 

3. Low human development category.

1. High Human Development Category: The score of human development is found more than 0.71 in this category. 94 countries of the world are included in this category. According to HD1 report 2015- 16, Norway stands at the top position with score of 0.955, Australia 0.938 (second), USA 0.937 (third) and Germany 0.920 (fourth). In this category, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, Chile, UAE are included.

2. Medium Human Development Category: The score of human development index of the countries included in this category is between 0.50 to 0.70. The countries like China, Thailand, Philippines, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh have medium human development Index. There are 47 countries in this category.

3. Low Human Development Category: In this category, the score of human development index is less than 0.50. There are 35 countries which have low HDI score. Some of these countries are Kongo, Chad, Myanmar, Rwanda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Guinea, Niger, Nepal, Zambia, etc.

The migration from European countries towards coastal areas of North America and South America and also to tropical zones took place because people could reach there easily and finding the favourable climatic contitions in Southern – Eastern part of Asian continent, they started the cultivation of commercial crops like cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, cassava, spices, tea, rice, etc.

The people related to these areas needed a large number of labourers to work in these plantations so they captured the people from other areas enslaved them than and made them do the work in the agricultural lands.

There are five aspects of migration out of which one or more aspects may be directly or indirectly related to migration. These aspects are-region aspect, time period aspect, cause aspect, number aspect and stability aspect. 

The brief description of all these is as follows:

1. Region Aspect: Under this aspect, the region or country is considered in which the population lives. On the basis of this aspect; migration is classified as inter – continental migration, international migration, inter – country, inter – state and local migration.

2. Time Period Aspect: Under this aspect, long term migration, periodical migration and daily migration are included and studied. This aspect is based on time period.

3. Cause Aspect: The causes of population migration are considered under this aspect. The causes of migration may be natural, physical, economic, social, political or cultural.

4. Number Aspect: Under this aspect, the number of migrated, emigrated or immigrated population which dwells permanently or temporarily in the country or leaves it is considered. On this basis large numbered, medium numbered and low numbered migration have been included.

5. Stability Aspect: The migration in which a large number population dwells permanently in the country or leaves it. A large number of Europeans migrated to South America, North America, Australia, South Africa permanently during 18th-19th century.

(d) National migration

The migration of the Europeans was towards the tropical and temperate regions.

The Chinese migrated to South-East Asian countries – Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar and some other American and African countries.

Natural, social, economical and political factors are responsible for migration.

The Japanese emigrated mainly to Hawaiian Islands, United States of America, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, etc.

Meaning of Human Development : Human Development is the process of central point to all development processes of extending people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being.

Concept of Human Development: The concept of human development is not singular, but it is a multifaceted concept. This concept includes several aspects, in which economic, social, cultural, political, institutional, psychological circumstantial and moral factors are included, in which many efforts are made to improve the economic condition of the people, to perform human welfare and to make a growth in living standard of the people.

Human welfare is not possible only by wealth, but it also needs social, cultural and moral development of the people of a country. There are 3 important aspects of human development – the life standard of the people, freedom and the availability of opportunities. For the measurement of life standard of people in a country, education, health and availability of resources are calculated and used as the base.

For a long time, the progress of a country was measured in the form of economic development, but this development had no relation to the change in lifestyle of most of the people.Taking and considering it as base, famous economist Mahaboob-Ul- Haq and Nobel prize winner Prof. Amartya Sen represented the concept of Human Development.

The thought of Human Development is based on the concept of equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment. Equity indicates available opportunities, sustainability expresses the form of stable development, productivity expresses human labour and human work and empowerment shows human capacity of choosing the options.

(b) from 0.50 to 0.70

Central Asia is considered as the origin of human race. The process of inter-mixing of two races was worked out in this region. Often, every new race which developed in this area, pushed out the people of old races. Due to this cause, ancient migration took place. Ancient migration in the world has been divided at the basis of different areas in the following classes:

1. Migration worked out from Asian countries. 

2. Migration worked out from European countries. 

3. Migration worked out from African countries.

1. Asian Migration: Asia has been considered the origin point of human race. Migration of people took place from here due to a fundamental change in climate. Moreover, the old races were driven out by the new developed races. 

The pattern of Asian migration is seen in three areas :

(a) From China: Before the 20th century, many people left China and settled in Manchuria, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines.

(b) From Japan: During the years 1880-1900, a large number of Japanese shifted to Hawaiian Islands, United States Nations of America, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Manchuria, Korea and Malaysia. The main cause of their movement was the pressure of increasing population in Japan.

(c) From India: The movement of people from India has been taking place towards the nearby countries, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, for religious, propagation. During British rule in India, a large number of Indians were sent to Mauritious, Fiji, Trinidad, as captive labourers.

2. Migration From Europe: The movement from European countries was due to the lack of resources and low living standard in this continent. 

The movement of people from Europe was made towards two main areas:

• Towards Tropical climate zones. 
• Towards Temperate climate zones.

Tropical Climate Zones: Europeans made their movement towards the tropical climate zones, i.e., to the coastal areas of North America and South America. They also migrated to Asian tropical zones where plantation of cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, tea and spices was suitable.

Temperate Climate Zones: The main cause of the movement of people towards this zones was the same climate and living condition as it was in Europe. The countries like United States of America, Canada, South America, New Zealand, have the same climate. So, a large number of Europeans migrated to these countries.

3. Migration from Africa: The movement of people from African countries took place towards the coastal areas of North America and South America. 

(a) United States of America

(a) Lack of resources

(d) Multifaceted concept

In ancient time, many people from India went to neighbouring countries for propagation of their religious tenets. The Buddhist monks went to Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, China etc. countries for dissemination of Buddhism in ancient time and migrated there. During British rule upon India, they sent thousand of Indians to South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Trinidad to make them work in agricultural plantations.

According to Mr. Bog, migration is to move from one place of residence to another place by a group of people. Migration may be temporary or permanent.

Movement of people from one continent to another continent or from a country to another country is called International migration. The movement of persons from one continent to any other continent takes place mostly due to economic, social, political and/or religious reasons. Since the very beginning, man has been changing his settelements due to some abnormal conditions or disasters or after being affected by some religious fanaticism. The migration in modern ages mostly takes place for getting a suitable employment or better living conditions.

According to United Nations Organisation (UNO), migration is a geographical or spatial settlement which is seen between two different geographical units, in which original place for living and the destination places are absolutely different.

Inside a country, movement among different states or areas is known as internal migration.

The ideology of equability with reference to human development is to provide equal opportunities to all people without any kind of discrimination.

The idea of human development is based on the concepts of equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.

The movement from one continent to another continent of the world or from one country to another country is called international migration. This type of migration has been continuing since ancient period. For this type of migration, any of the reasons has been responsible. The movement of the people at international level is due to economic, social, political and religious reasons.

The value of Human Development Index lies between digits minimum 0 to maximum 1.

The meaning of productivity with reference to human development is a perpetual increment in human working capacity.

(d) Mahbub – UI – Haq

Correct Answer is : Since 1990

Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another place with the intention of settling permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another country, effected by the different factors like natural, social, economic and political. Migration is a geographical or spatial settlement which is seen between two different geographical units.

It is Kerala.

Correct Answer is : (b) UNDP

The internal migration can be classified into two parts – interstate migration and local migration.

To obtain the power and the capacity for choosing the options to get through in life is called empowerment.

According to United Nations, “Migration is a kind of geographical or spatial settlement, which is seen between two geographical units of different types and in which both the regions, the abandoned and the adopted, are quite different from each other. This type of migration is mostly permanent as the new human settlement is permanently changed.”

When a person leaves his own country (motherland) to reside in any other country, it is called Emigration.

There are two types of migration: Emigration and Immigration.

The movement of people from one state to another state inside the extents of a country is called Interstate migration.

(b) 138th place

Under local migration, there is a movement of people from rural areas (villages) to urban areas (cities) or from cities to villages.

The movement of people from one district to another district inside the state is called local migration.

There are five aspects of migration population in which country aspect, time aspect, cause aspect, number and stability aspect are included.

Correct answer is : (d) 5

The process of human migration largely affects the population both in the regions from where the people move out and where they go. 

Some of these effects are given below :

1. Demographic Effect: Population balance is disturbed due to the human migration. In the area which is left by the migrant people, density of population becomes less, and the area which is filled by migrant people becomes over populated. Besides this, the sex – ratio of population in both regions is also affected.

2. Social Effects: The cultural effects of human migration are also seen in both regions. The migrant people carry along with them their technology, religion, customs, manners, habits, language, and make a remarkable effect on population and their culture where they reside. Also, they adopt the new culture and customs and language of their new domicile. They also raise the eonomic – level by using their technical knowledge.

3. Cultural Effects: The dressing custom, lifestyle, habit, languages etc. of the migrant people are changed according to the new regions, also the area where they live gets and learns the new customs and habits. As the British people affected Indian culture during the British rule in India.

The high literacy rate plays an important role in high human development index in the state of Kerala.

Correct Answer is : (b) 1990

There was low living standard due to lack of resources in Europe, so migration of people took place towards other continents.

Under local migration, movement of people takes place inside the limit of a state or zone. The people of rural areas go to cities for gaining higher education or as industrial labourers. Local migration can take place from village to city or from city towards a village.

The facilities which are seen in the cities attract the people of rural areas. Leaving their dwelling places they make movement to the cities. For example, thousands of people from a distance of 100 or 200 km, migrate to Mumbai daily.