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Prof. Suresh Tendulkar.

Ganga Kalyana Scheme (GKY).

(a) Arvind Panagariya

In the year 2000.

On the basis of the average of the national poverty line of 10 poorest countries.

Answer is: (a) 10

International poverty line is an international monetary threshold under which an individual is considered to be living in poverty as per global standards.

The average life expectancy of people in a country is based on nutritive food, cleanliness, pure drinking water and health services.

The average expected life span of a new born baby is called the life expectancy. The number of deaths per thousand new born before reaching the age of one year is called the infant mortality rate.

Correct option is (B) 15.6%

Correct option is (A) 2

Correct option is (C) 68 years

Correct option is (B) 15.2

Correct option is (D) Odisha

Correct option is (C) Assam

Correct option is (B) 10% – 20%

Correct option is (B) Gujarat

The number of poor estimated as the proportion of people below the poverty line is known as ‘Head Count Ratio’.

The HeadCount Ratio is calculated with following formula. HCL = Number of people living below the poverty line/Total population of the country.

• Growth oriented approach
• Income and employment generation approach
• Providing minimum basic needs to the people approach.

The major national programmes to generate wage employment are as follows :

• National Food for Work Programme (NFWP)
• Sampooma Grameena Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) 
• Mahathma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP).

The major self employment programmes are : 

• Swamajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Swamajayanthi ShahariRozgar Yojana (SJBRY)
• Pradhana Manthri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY).

1. Ganga welfare scheme,
2. MWS (Million Well scheme),
3. DWCRA (Development of women and child in rural areas) and
4. SITRA (Supplying Improved Tool Kit to Rural artisans)

When there is reduction in income inequality and poverty, then economic development can be said ‘development’ in true sense.

A person is said to be poor when he faces a situation where he cannot satisfy his minimum requirements like food, water and shelter.

• Mostly poor people cannot satisfy their basic needs like food, clothing and housing.
• Most of their earnings are used in buying edible goods for daily needs.
• This problem is largely addressed through public distribution system in India. Under this system, the government has set-up ration shops where rural and urban poor are sold basic utility goods at reasonable price.
• Even during situations like drought and scarcity the public distribution system takes care that it is able to satisfy basic needs of poor.
• Hence, one can rightly say that public distribution system protects poor from inflating India.

EAS (Employment Assurance Scheme).

In the year 1975.

Programmes that were initiated after seeing the extreme poverty condition of 1970s were Small or Marginal Farmers Development Agency, Rural Employment Programme, Food for Work Programme, etc.

1. DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme). 

2. DDP (Desert Development Programme).

The poor people are identified on the basis of their occupation and ownership of assets. In both rural and urban areas, the people who are unable to get even minimum income from their present occupation to lead their life are considered as poor.

The two kinds of poverty are 

1. Absolute poverty

2. Relative poverty

Below Poverty Line: It is a survey that takes into account the family’s income, means of livelihood, number of meals per day, clothing, housing, migration, debt, etc., to decide whether a household is a poor household.

Ration shops are also called fair-price shops.

Steps to increase agricuitural productivity:

• One of the most important reasons for poverty in India is low productivity in agriculture. By increasing the productivity, the agricultural income can be increased which then can reduce the poverty among field labourers.
• In order to achieve this objective, the government conducts various programmes for farmers. Farmers are made aware about latest technology, available resources at reasonable rates, improved infrastructural facilities, maximum price they can procure for their products and regulated market for their produce.
• Development of small scale agriculture will not only increase productivity per labourer but also employment opportunities. This will also help in bringing down the prices.

1. Undernourishment: Lack of nutrition in the food we take 1n.
2. Agricultural growth: At present agriculture is ¡n a critical stage. Facing all the negativities, it should be taken forward. This is called agricultural growth.
3. Directive Principles: The principles which direct the government 
4. Public works: Works that are useful to the public 
5. Social audit: It is meant for reducing corruption in government.

Correct option is (B) ₹ 20

Government frames tax policy in a manner that more tax is imposed to rich class which can afford that tax and less tax is imposed to poor class and is also given tax concession. This helps to reduce inequality of income and poverty.

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was a scheme launched by the Government of India to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the mral poors on 1st September 2001. 

Its main objectives are :

1. To provide employment to increased number of people. 

2. To provide emphasis on basic requirements. The objective of this scheme is to create 100 crore Human Days. The cost of this plan will be borne by the centre and the states in the ratio of 87.5 : 12.5. 

3. Increase in regional economic and social conditions.

• Opportunities of Self – Employment : New opportunities must be searched to gain self-employment. Technical Training institutions must be opened in large numbers to provide technical training. Loans at low interest rate must be provided to the unemployed to purchase commercial property, and small scale businesses must be encouraged. 
• Fall in Prices : Fall in prices is one of the most important conditions for eradication of poverty. The high rates of items proves to be deterimental for general public. The fall in prices can only be possible when the production of common items is increased and the basic items are provided at subsidised prices to the poor.

(d) All of the above

The poverty ratio is the proportion of a population that exists, or lives, below the poverty line. When the number of poor is estimated as the proportion of people below the poverty line, it is known as ‘head count ratio’. It is calculated by multiplying by 100.

According to the Human Development Report, three shortfalls are important for the measurement of poverty :

1. Lack of high life expectancy. 

2. Lack of education. 

3. Lack of high standard of living.

Human Poverty Index was initiated on this basis.

Relative poverty.

There is no perfect or stagnant scale for the measurement of poverty that can be used anytime, any day or at any place. This keeps on changing according to the place, date, time and situation. An estimated income is defined to measure the number of poor people in a country, with the estimation that who all can fulfill their basic needs with that income. This is known as poverty line. The poverty threshold, poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries. This changes from time to time.

In India, poverty has been linked to “calorie consumption”. The Planning Commission has assumed people in rural areas having a calorie consumption of less than 2400 calories per day, and with calorie consumption of less than 2100 in urban areas to be poor. For the year 2011-12, the Planning Commission fixed the poverty line at the level of rupees 27.20 per person per day for rural areas and rupees 33.33 per person per day for urban areas. In 2011-12, rupees 816 per capital per month in rural areas and rupees 1000 per capital per month for urban areas was defined as poverty line.

But, to measure the poverty line, calorie consumption counting is not a good idea. Other than this, some experts say that calorie consumption should not be considered as the sole basis of poverty line, because poverty is also defined by other terms, including illness, illiteracy, unemployment, hunger etc. In poverty methodology, every poor is considered equal below poverty line, but this is not the actual case. For this, the correct measurement of their financial condition must be done.

The ratio of poor with the sum total of the entire population is termed as poverty ratio. Multiplying it by 100, can be used as a source to know the exact poverty ratio of the country. According to this, all the poor people below the poverty line are considered to be equal. For example, In 2011-12, rupees 816 per capital per month in rural areas and rupees 1000 per capital per month for urban areas was defined as poverty line. According to this, a person spending rupees 110 per month is also a poor and the person spending rupees 815 per month is also considered poor. That is why two stages should be adopted in measuring poverty. In the 1st stage, it should be determined how much each individual received, and on this basis, it should be determined that on what basis should the standard of per person income be fixed to ascertain poverty.

In the second stage, it should be estimated how bad the situation is. Ozzler, Dutt and Ravaillian used the “Poverty Gap Ratio” and “Squared Poverty Gap Ratio” to measure this. These measures estimate poverty. The Human Development Report considers poverty to be multi-dimensional. According to the World Bank, a person per day consumption expenditure of less than 1.25 US Dollars is termed as poor. Another measure of poverty measurement is also prevalent, which is the capability measurement of poverty which includes the ratio of children less than 5 years of age having low weight, abnormal delivery ratio and female illiteracy ratio.

Answer is: (c)TRYSEM

1. In India, poverty has been linked to “calorie consumption”. The Planning Commission has assumed people in rural areas having a calorie consumption of less than 2400 calories per day, and with calorie consumption of less than 2100 in urban areas to be poor. 

2. In 2011-12, rupees 816 per capital per month in rural areas and rupees 1000 per capital per month for urban areas was defined as poverty line. 

3. According to the World Bank, a per person per day consumption expenditure of less than 1.25 US dollars is termed as poor. 

4. Under the Capability Measurement of Poverty, three indicators including the ratio of children less than 5 years of age having low weight, abnormal delivery ratio rate and female illiteracy ratio are included.

According to this hypothesis, income distribution is used to measure poverty. The class with income less than the country’s per capital income is considered to be poor. The relative poverty concept is employed in developed countries to measure poverty.

In India, poverty has been linked to “calorie consumption”. The less calorie consumers are termed as poor while more calorie consumers are termed as rich.