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The primitive human society was completely dependent on animals because there was very low level of human development as well as of technology. Due to limited knowledge and capacity, there were no methods of agriculture. So, man survived by hunting wild animals and gathering forest produce like root-tubers, fruits etc.

Also, he had to keep animals like dog for his safety. He also used the animals as the modes of transportation. ‘In this way, we see that there was a close relation between man and animals and primitive man was dependent on animals for his food, safety and transportation.

At present, the main regions of the occupation of gathering of forest-produce are as follows:

1. Malaya Peninsula: In this region, Semong and Sakai tribes are engaged in the occupation of gathering occupation.

2. Amazon Basin: In this basin, Boro and other few tribes are engaged in gathering activity.

3. Kalahari Region: Bushman tribe gathers forest produce for its livelihood.

4. In mountainous regions: Idukki, Palakkad, and Paniya tribes are engaged in this occupation.

5. In interval areas of South – East Asia: Ethnic groups are known for gathering activity.

This is a method of agriculture in which agriculture is done in the form of plantations. Like – Tea, rubber, coffee, cocoa and coconut plantations etc.

Food gathering has been the oldest and economically inferior human occupation. But with social and technological development, the importance of this occupation has been declining day by day. Now, only a few thousand of people are engaged in it. Man has been gathering various things for his food, clothes, shelter and to fulfil other needs since begining.

But in this industrial age, he has many more options to satisfy his daily needs more easily and comfortably, and also with less labour. The produce obtained from gathering activities cannot compare to global trade. So the occupation of gathering has lost its importance at world level in present time.

Even today, hunting is a main occupation in the following regions: 

1. In Tundra and Taiga regions by Eskimos. 

2. In Northern Siberia by Samoyed, Tung, Yakut, Miet, Chakahi, Koryak etc. tribes. 

3. In Kalahari desert by Bushman tribe. 

4. In Congo Basin by Pygmis. 

5. In Malaya by Semong and Sakai tribes. 

6. In Borneo by Punans etc. 

7. In New Guinea by Papuans. 

8. In Amazon Basin by Zivaro and Yagua tribes.

Main characterstics of the occupation of gathering of forest produce are given below: 

1. It is one of the oldest economic activities. 

2. At present it is done only in dry and polar regions. 

3. This occupation is performed only for food provision and subsistence. 

4. It needs no capital to invest. 

5. This occupation is done by individuals of primitive society. 

6. This occupation is done without harming the environment. 

7. In some regions it has been commercial side.

8. At present only few thousand people are engaged in this activity at global level.

Main features of dairy farming: 

1. In this occupation, high breed milch animals are reared scientifically. 

2. It is high capital intensive agriculture. 

3. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching increase the cost of farming. 

4. It needs highly experienced labour for rigorous care in feeding and milching always and every time. 

5. There is no off season in this farming as we see in the farming of crops. 

6. Special attention is paid to animal-reproduction, grazing And genetic improvement of animals. 

7. Dairy farming is practiced mainly near urban and industrial areas, which provide it nearby markets for fresh milk and dairy products.

Correct Answer is : (c) USA

Agriculture is a human activity to manage his environment in order to produce food. It is defined as the cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops and rear livestock.

Plantation agriculture is a large scale form of agriculture that specializes in cash crops. The crops grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugarcane, sisal, oil-seed, oil-palms, rubber trees and fruits. 

Its main features are given below:

1. Heavy capital investment, advanced management and technology base and scientific methods are used. 

2. A large number of workers is needed. 

3. It is a seasonal type of agriculture. 

4. It provides the raw materials to industries.

5. Plantation agriculture is prevalent in Indonesia, Malayasia, Southern and Eastern India, Southern China, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Central Africa, Brazil, Fiji, Cuba and Hawaiian Islands.

Agriculture has an important place among primary economic activities. It is the most prevalent occupation. Agriculture, which is the primary source of food in the world, supplies 71 per cent of food needs. According to the varying physical, social and economic conditions, 

there are different types of agriculture in the world.

1. Shifting Agriculture: It is a ancient form of agriculture. It is a form of agriculture used especially in tropical Africa, in which an area of land is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility is naturally restored. 

2. Primitive Permanent Agriculture: Gradually, shifting agriculture took the form of permanent cultivation and became primitive permanent agriculture. 

3. Subsistence Agriculture: This types of agriculture is a base of employment. By this type of agriculture many forms of human needs are fulfilled. So, this type of agriculture is called subsidence agriculture. 

This agriculture is divided into two parts:

(a) Rice Dominent Subsistence Agriculture: Rice is the main crop grown in this type of agriculture. In this agriculture, per unit production is more, but per farmer production is low. Fields are small due to family size.

(b) Without Rice Subsistence Agriculture: This type of agriculture is done in Monsoon Asia. Wheat, barley and millet are major crops grown, instead of rice.

4. Commercial Foodgrain Agriculture: In fact, when subsistence agriculture took on the form of extensive livelihood, agricultural production began to be done with commercial view – point. This kind of agriculture is done extensively in developed countries, where land is ample and population is less.

Wheat is the major crop of this type of farming. In this type of farming, size of the field is very large and all activities right from ploughing the field to crop harvesting are done by machines. Per acre production is less in this type of agriculture, but per person yield is more.

5. Plantation Agriculture: Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming under which, crops like tea, coffee, fruits, rubber, etc. are grown. It was developed by the Europeans in colonial era in tropical regions. Its primary purpose was to make available those essential crops to European countries which could be grown only in tropical climate. The Britishers developed tea plantations in India and Sri Lanka, rubber plantations in Malaysia and Sugarcane and banana plantations in the western islands groups.

6. Mixed Agriculture: Under mixed agriculture, animal husbandry is also done along with crop cultivation. This kind of agriculture is done in very advanced countries. These types of agriculture areas are in North – west Europe, Eastern part of North America, some parts of Euresia and Southern Islands. Size of fields is medium. Wheat, barley, millet and maize are the major crops.

7. Dairy Agriculture: Under this type of agriculture special attention is paid to reproduction, grazing and genetic improvement of animals. With conventional farming, animals are cared for scientifically. Milking and milk processing is done with the help of machines. Dairy agriculture requires a lot of capital, modern machinery, intensive farming, and modern cattle care.

8. Truck Farming: Under this type of agriculture, seasonal and non – seasonal vegetables are grown in nearby urban areas and sold in the nearest cities. Distance between farms and markets is measured by the distance covered by truck in one night, hence its name is ‘truck – agriculture’.

9. Horticulture: The other name of horticulture is the farming of fruits and flowers. It is another type of commercial agriculture. The demand of fruits and flowers in the cities motivates it. India cultivates different types of fruits and flowers in different regions. Banana, mango, coconut are grown in tropical regions, apple, pear are grown in temperate regions and lemon, orange, mandarin are grown in mediterranean regions.

Four examples of primary occupation are: 

1. Hunting: It is one of the oldest economic activities. Living or livelihood at lowest basis is possible in this occupation.

2. Gathering: Gathering of forest produce is also one of the oldest occupations. In this occupation, people gather fruits, roots – tubers, nuts, berries leaves, etc. from the forest. 

3. Fishing: It is also an ancient occupation. Man has to struggle continually against natural obstacles in fishing activity. 

4. Grazing Animals: Grazing the animals is also an ancient occupation adopted by man for his living. The cattle are reared to obtain food, meat, skin (leather) and wool.

Truck – farming is a specialised form of agriculture in which vegetables are grown. The vegetables and other agricultural products are sold in nearby urban markets by transporting them daily by trucks. Distance between farms and markets are defined by the distance travelled by a truck in one night of travel, hence its name is truck farming.

The main features of truck farming are:

1. This type of agriculture is done very close to urban areas. 

2. Only vegetables are cultivated under this agriculture. 

3. The vegetarian population motivates truck agriculture.

Due to different physical, social, economic conditions in the world, many types of agriculture methods are found in the world.

The act of rearing the cattle with a view of business and earning more profit is called commercial animal herding. The animals are reared to obtain dairy products, meat, wool and leather. This type of herding is more organised and capital intensive.

Commercial animal husbandry is mainly done in tropical and temperate grasslands, mountainous regions and desert regions. The object of rearing the animals is different in the different regions. Denmark, New Zealand, Australia and America are the chief centres of this occupation. Denmark and New Zealand are famous for milk production, Australia for milk and wool – production, and in United States of America cattle are reared for milk and meat. Besides, Argentina, Uruguay, Sweden and Holland are also known for commercial animal husbandry.

Commercial animal husbandry is mainly done in temperate grasslands. New Zealand, Australia, USA, Denmark, Argentina, Uruguay, Sweden and Holland.

Major characteristics of extensive commercial food grain agriculture are the following:

1. This type of agriculture is done in extensive fields, normally their size is 240 – 1600 hectare. 

2. All the work related to agriculture right from preparing field to harvesting the crops is done by machines in which tractor, harvestor, thresher, combine and winnowar are used.

3. Wheat is the main crop of this type of agriculture. 

4. Big storehouses are used for food grains protection. 

5. Very less use of human labour is done in this agriculture. 

6. In this agriculture, there is less production per hectare, but high production per. person.

7. Temperate grassland areas of the world are the major regions of this type of agriculture. This type of agriculture is done in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Downs of Australia and Canterbury grasslands of New Zealand. 

8. Agricultural area under this type of agriculture is continuously decreasing due to rapid growth in population. 

9. All the countries practicing this type of agriculture are developed. 

10.This agriculture is based on high technique and machinery.

Wheat is the major crop of extensive commercial agriculture. Apart from this maize, millet, canola and oats are also sown. The size of fields employed under this type of agriculture is very large and machines are largely used. Per acre production is less but per person average production is more. This type of agriculture is performed in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Downs of Australia and grasslands of Canterbury of New Zealand.

Correct Answer is: (b) Savanna

(a) Coniferous forests