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Groundnut is attacked by a fungal disease called Tikka disease.

Nature of the soil, humidity, rainfall, temperature.

The sowing and transplanting is Akshaya Trithiya and harvesting associated with Pongal and Onam.

Wheat, paddy and sugarcane are generally affected by fungus.

A farmer removes the affected leaves from the plant and put them in a dump and covers with soil to control the pests.

Amrita sari, Bangaru Teega, Kolleti Kusuma, Potti Basangi, Sona Masuri.

Molagolukulu is the traditional good variety which is grown in coastal areas of Nellore.

1. Virus in rice plant 

2. Tikka disease in groundnut

Rice was cultivated in the late Mesolithic period (9000 – 8000 BC) and in the Harappa cultivation (2,300 BC).

Moth caterpillars, paddy beetles and their larva, paddy grasshoppers and aphids.

Sprinklers and drip – irrigation techniques are used in low water available soils. They are very useful for the farmers who are cultivating crops in dry lands. These are called as “micro – irrigation methods”.

a) Red rot of sugarcane, Tikka disease of groundnut. 

b) Red rot of sugarcane, citrus canker, Tikka disease of groundnut. 

c) Fungus. 

d) Through insects.

a) Chemical fertilizer 

b) Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potash (K) 

c) 20% of Nitrogen 5% of Phosphorus 10% of Potash 

d) If we use chemical fertilizers for a longer period, soil health will be damaged. So, we should not use chemical fertilizers.

1. The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as “Kharif”. 

2. Kharif season is from June to October. 

3. Examples for Kharif crops are paddy, sugarcane, jowar and turmeric, etc. 

4. The crops that are grown only in winter season are called Rabi crops.

5. Rabi season is from October to March. 

6. Examples for Rabi crops are wheat, maize, coriandrum, fenugram, barli, etc.

Paddy, wheat, chilli.

1. Form utility 

2. Time utility and

3. Place utility

There are three types of production 

1. Primary production 

2. Secondary Production 

3. Tertiary or Service Production

1. Primary Production: 

1. Primary production is carried out by ‘extractive’ industries like agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and oil extraction. 

2. These industries are engaged in such activities as extracting the gifts of nature from the earth’s surface, from beneath the earth’s surface and from the oceans.

2. Secondary Production: 

1. This includes production in manufacturing industry, turning out semi-finished and finished goods from raw materials and intermediate goods, conversion of flour into bread or iron ore into finished steel. 

2. They are described as manufacturing and construction industries.

3. Such as the manufacture of cars, furnishing, clothing and chemicals, as also engineering and building.

3. Tertiary Production 

1. Industries in the tertiary sector produce all those services which enable the finished goods to be put in the hands of consumers. 

2. These services are supplied to the firms in all types of industry and directly to consumers. 

3. Ex. cover distributive traders, banking, insurance, transport and communications. Government services, such as law, administration, education, health and defence, are also included.

Labour cannot be stored.

1. Physical Capital or Material Resources, 

Ex. Machinery, tools, buildings, etc. 

2. Money capital or Monetary resources,

Ex. Bank deposits, shares and securities, etc.

3. Human capital or Human Resources

Ex. Investments in education, training and health

(b) Adam Smith

1. ii 

2. iii 

3. i

Production and consumption.

1. Consumers 

2. Organization 

3. Labour 

4. Adam Smith

1. ii 

2. iv 

3. i 

4. v

5. ii

The entrepreneur is also called ‘Organizer’. In, modem times, an entrepreneur is called ‘the changing agent of the society’.

(a) Tertiary

Capital and Organisation

(c) land, labour

Land and Labour

1. Utility 

2. Capital, Organization 

3. Land 

4. Labour 

5. Capital

Indian Economy is a Mixed Economy.

1. Identifying profitable investible opportunities 

2. Deciding the location of the production unit 

3. Making innovations

(c) organizer

There are three types of production 

1. Primary production 

2. Secondary Production 

3. Tertiary or Service Production

Land as a factor of production refers to all those natural resources or gifts of nature which are provided free to man.

Characteristics of Land: 

1. Land is a Free Gift of Nature 

2. Land is fixed in supply

3. Land is imperishable 

4. Land is a Primary Factor of Production

5. Land is Immovable 

6. Land has some Original Indestructible Powers 

7. Land Differs in Fertility

Characteristics of Capital 

1. Capital is a passive factor of production 

2. Capital is man-made 

3. Capital is not an indispensable factor of production 

4. Capital has the highest mobility 

5. Capital is productive 

6. Capital lasts over time

7. Capital involves present sacrifice to get future benefits

Division of labour means dividing the process of production into distinct and several component processes and assigning each component in the hands of a labour or a set of labourers, who are specialists in that particular process.

1. Labour is more perishable than other factors of production.

2. Labour cannot be stored.

3. Labour is an active factor of production.

4. Labour is not homogeneous.

5. Labour cannot be separated from the labourer. 

6. Labour is mobile. 

7. Individual labour has only limited bargaining power. He cannot fight with his employer for a rise in wages or improvement in work-place conditions.

Alfred Marshall defines labour as, ‘the use of body or mind, partly or wholly, with a view to secure an income apart from the pleasure derived from the work’.

1. An entrepreneur is a person who combines the different factors of production (land, labour and capital), in the right proportion

2. Initiates the process of production and bears the risk involved in it.

3. He is not only responsible for producing the socially desirable output but also to increase the social welfare.

4. Identifying profitable investible opportunities

5. Deciding the location of the production unit 6. Making innovations

7. Deciding the reward payment

8. Taking risks and facing uncertainties

Types of Utility 

1. Form utility: If the physical form of a commodity is changed, its utility may increase.

Eg. Cotton increases, if it is converted into clothes. 

2. Place utility: If a commodity is transported from one place to another, its utility may increase.

Eg. If rice transported to Tamilnadu to Kerala, its utility will be more.

3. Time utility : If the commodity is stored for future usage, its utility may increase.

Eg. Agricultural commodities like Paddy, Wheat, etc. are stored for the regular uses of consumers throughout the year.

Merits of division of labour 

1. It improves efficiency of labour when labour repeats doing the same tasks. 

2. Facilitates the use of machinery in production, resulting in inventions. 

3. Time and Materials are put to the best and most efficient use. 

Demerits of division of labour 

1. Repetition of the same task makes labour to feel that the work is monotonous and stale. It kills the humanity in him. 

2. Narrow specialization reduces the possibility of labour to find alternative avenues of employment. This results in increased unemployment.

3. Reduce the growth of handicrafts and the worker loses the satisfaction of having made a commodity in full.