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Correct answer is (a) True

The best I can explain: True, because during labour, the uterus muscle starts contraction of increasing intensity in a bid to expel out the child. The intrauterine pressure can reach VALUES of 150 mmHg or more during the expulsion period. However, a normal PATIENT in spontaneous active labour will demonstrate uterine CONTRACTIONS OCCURRING at intervals of three to five minutes, with a duration of 30 to 70 s and a peak intensity of 50 to 75 mmHg.

The correct choice is (a) True

Explanation: True, the main advantages of SPECTROMETRIC methods are SPEED, sensitivity to very small amounts of change and a relatively simple operational METHODOLOGY. The time required for the actual measurement is very short and most of the analysis time, in FACT, goes into the preparation of the SAMPLES.

The correct answer is (b) infrared

Explanation: Electronic transitions correspond to the ULTRAVIOLET and VISIBLE regions, vibrational transitions to the near infrared and infrared regions and rotational transitions to the infrared and far-infrared regions. The method based on the absorption of RADIATION of a substance is KNOWN as Absorption SPECTROSCOPY.

Correct answer is (B) False

For explanation I would say: False, Spectrophotometers generally employ a 6 V tungsten LAMP, which emits radiation in the wavelength region of visible light. Typically, it is 32 CANDLE power. These LAMPS should preferably be operated at a potential of say 5.4 V when its useful life is estimated at 1200 h.

Right option is (B) Haemotology

The explanation is: Chemistry: section deals with the ANALYSIS of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other fluids to determine the quantity of various IMPORTANT substances they contain. Most of the electronic instruments in the clinical LABORATORY are available in this section. Haematology: section deals with the determinations of the number and characteristics of the constituents of the blood, particularly the blood cells. Microbiology: section in which studies are performed on various body tissues and fluids to determine the PRESENCE of pathological micro-organisms.

Right option is (B) Spectrophotometry

Best EXPLANATION: Spectrophotometry is the most important of all the instrumental methods of analysis in clinical CHEMISTRY. This METHOD is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the visible, ultraviolet and INFRARED ranges.

Right option is (b) Toco-tonometer

The explanation is: The toco-transducers are LOCATION SENSITIVE. They should be placed over the fundus where there is maximum MOTION with the contractions. The toco-tonometer transducer cannot be used in the same PLACE as the FOETAL heart rate detector, thus the patient must have two transducers on her abdomen.

The correct OPTION is (b) Intrauterine pressure MEASUREMENT

The BEST explanation: The FOLLOWING techniques are commonly used in UTERINE contraction in most of the cardiotocographic monitoring: I) Indirect method: Tocodynamometry (using tocotonometer to sense changes in uterine tension transmitted to abdominal skin surface) II) Direct method: Intrauterine pressure measurement (using a fluid-filled intracervical catheter with strain gauge transducer).

Correct option is (a) Foetal ECG with scalp electrode

For explanation: The following methods are commonly EMPLOYED in most of the cardiotocographic monitoring during labour: I) Indirect method: Abdominal foetal electrocardiogram, foetal phonocardiogram, ultrasound techniques (narrow beam and wide-angle transducer) II) Direct method: Foetal ECG with scalp electrode (spiral, clip or suction electrode attached to the presenting part of the foetus).

The CORRECT answer is (d) VISIBLE

Explanation: Electronic transitions correspond to the ultraviolet and visible regions, vibrational transitions to the near infrared and infrared regions and rotational transitions to the infrared and far-infrared regions. The method based on the absorption of radiation of a SUBSTANCE is KNOWN as Absorption SPECTROSCOPY.

Right option is (c) Microbiology

To EXPLAIN I would say: Chemistry: section deals with the analysis of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other fluids to determine the quantity of various important substances they CONTAIN. Most of the electronic instruments in the CLINICAL laboratory are available in this section. Haematology: section deals with the determinations of the number and characteristics of the constituents of the blood, particularly the blood cells. Microbiology: section in which STUDIES are performed on various body tissues and fluids to determine the presence of pathological micro-organisms.

Right answer is (b) Frequencies of photons

To explain I would say: The study of the frequencies of the photons which are absorbed would THUS provide information about the nature of the material. Also, the number of photons absorbed may provide information about the number of atoms or molecules of the material present in a particular state. It thus PROVIDES us with a METHOD to have a QUALITATIVE and quantitative analysis of a substance.

The correct answer is (a) Tungsten-mercury lamp

Explanation: Radiant just means energy that can move from ONE place to another without a medium to CARRY it. A source of radiant energy, which MAY be a tungsten lamp, a xenon-mercury ARC, HYDROGEN or deuterium discharge lamp, etc.

The correct answer is (d) ABSORPTION spectrophotoscopy

Explanation: Electronic transitions correspond to the ultraviolet and visible regions, vibrational transitions to the near infrared and infrared regions and rotational transitions to the infrared and far-infrared regions. The METHOD based on the absorption of RADIATION of a substance is KNOWN as Absorption SPECTROSCOPY.

Right option is (c) three

Explanation: Molecules possess three types of internal energy—electronic, vibrational and rotational. When a molecule absorbs radiant energy, it can increase its internal energy in a variety of ways. The various molecular energy states are quantized and the amount of energy necessary to CAUSE any CHANGE in any one of the above energy states would generally CORRESPOND to SPECIFIC regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Right option is (a) TRUE

To EXPLAIN I would SAY: True, as venous BLOOD ACQUIRES carbon dioxide, forms carbonic acid and hydrogen ions, the venous blood pH falls to approximately 7.36. This pH drop of 0.04 units occurs when the CO2 enters the tissue capillaries. When CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli, the blood pH rises 0.04 units to bring the normal arterial value of 7.40.

The correct answer is (a) induced emf

Explanation: The potential (E) of the GLASS electrode may be written by MEANS of the Nernst

equation:

where, Eo = standard potential R = gas constant T = absolute temperature F = Faraday constant DPH = pH value deviation from 7. The above relation shows that the emf developed in the electro-chemical pH CELL is a linear function of DpH.

Correct option is (b) Transmittance

To explain I would SAY: Let US SUPPOSE, Po is the incident radiant ENERGY and P is the energy which is transmitted. The ratio of the radiant power transmitted by a SAMPLE to the radiant power incident on the sample is known as the transmittance.

Transmittance = P/Po.

Right answer is (B) Absorption Spectroscopy

Easy explanation: Electronic transitions CORRESPOND to the ULTRAVIOLET and visible regions, vibrational transitions to the NEAR infrared and infrared regions and rotational transitions to the infrared and far-infrared regions. The method based on the absorption of radiation of a substance is KNOWN as Absorption Spectroscopy.

The correct choice is (b) Microprocessor

To EXPLAIN: A microprocessor, in a spectrophotometer, could be used for the following functions: Control functions: Wavelength SCANNING, automatic light source SELECTION, control of SLIT width, detector sensitivity, etc. Signal processing functions: Baseline correction, signal smoothing, calculation of % T, absorbance and concentration, derivative, etc. Communication functions: Keyboard entry, menu-driven operations, data presentation, WARNING display, communication with external systems, etc.

The correct ANSWER is (c) FILTERING Arrangement

The best I can explain: A SOURCE of radiant energy, which may he a tungsten lamp, a xenon-mercury arc, hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp, etc. Filtering arrangement for the selection of a narrow BAND of radiant energy. It COULD be a single wavelength absorption filter, an interference filter, a prism or a diffraction grating.

The CORRECT choice is (b) False

To explain: The galvanometer, which needs a frequency response of only 3 Hz, is positioned by a servo motor through a SILENT step-down belt DRIVE. Recording sensitivity is 20 bpm/cm giving a basic resolution of 1 bpm for SEEING small changes in the HEART rate.

Right CHOICE is (b) Radiating SOURCE

To explain: The function of the radiation source is to provide a sufficient intensity of light which is suitable for making a measurement. The most COMMON and convenient source of light is the TUNGSTEN lamp. This lamp CONSISTS of a tungsten filament enclosed in a glass envelope. It is cheap, intense and reliable. A major portion of the energy emitted by a tungsten lamp is in the visible region and only about 15 to 20% is in the infrared region.

The correct choice is (c) Straight line

For explanation I WOULD say: If absorbance is plotted graphically against concentration, a straight line is obtained. A graph derived from the transmittance data will not be a straight line unless transmittance (or PERCENT transmission) is plotted on the LOG axis of a semi-log PAPER.

The correct option is (c) Spectrophotometer

The best explanation: A spectrophotometer is an instrument which isolates monochromatic radiation in a more efficient and versatile manner than colour filters used in FILTER photometers. In these instruments, light from the SOURCE is made into a parallel BEAM and PASSED to a prism or diffraction grating, where light of different wavelengths is dispersed at different angles.

Correct choice is (b) Colorimetric

Explanation: A colorimetric method in its simplest form uses only the human EYE as a measuring instrument. This involves the comparison by visual MEANS of the colour of an unknown solution, with the colour produced by a single standard or a series of standards. The comparison is made by OBTAINING a match between the colour of the unknown and that of a PARTICULAR standard by comparison with a series of standards prepared in a similar manner, as the unknown.

The correct answer is (a) OPTICAL system

Explanation: An optical system for producing a parallel BEAM of filtered light for passage through an absorption cell (cuvette). The system may include lenses, mirrors, slits, diaphragm, etc. A detecting system for the measurement of unabsorbed radiant energy, which COULD be the human eye, a barrier-layer cell, PHOTOTUBE or photo-multiplier tube.

The correct choice is (B) silver

To explain I would say: The internal reference ELECTRODE is silver/silver chloride and the calomel reference electrode is CONNECTED to a small pool of saturated KCI, through a porous pin. Accuracy of 0.001 pH can be OBTAINED with this electrode against a CONSTANT buffer.

Right answer is (B) 0.2

The explanation: The FACTOR –2.3036 RTF is called the slope factor and is clearly DEPENDENT upon the SOLUTION temperature. With a 1°C change in temperature, the emf changes by 0.2 mV. It is also obvious that the MEASUREMENT of pH is essentially a measurement of millivolt signals by special methods.

Right CHOICE is (a) Chemistry

Explanation: Chemistry: section DEALS with the analysis of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other fluids to determine the quantity of various important substances they contain. Most of the electronic INSTRUMENTS in the clinical laboratory are available in this section. Haematology: section deals with the determinations of the NUMBER and characteristics of the constituents of the blood, PARTICULARLY the blood cells. Microbiology: section in which studies are performed on various body tissues and fluids to determine the presence of pathological micro-organisms.

Right option is (b) False

Easy explanation: False, because the plasma is obtained by centrifuging a blood SAMPLE. During CENTRIFUGATION, the heavy blood cells GET packed at the bottom of the centrifuge TUBE and the plasma can thus be separated. The plasma is a viscous, light yellow liquid, i.e. almost clear in the fasting stage.

Correct choice is (c) 190-380

Easy explanation: Deuterium arc lamp provides emission of high intensity and adequate continuity in the 190–380 nm RANGE. A quartz or SILICA envelope is necessary not only to provide a heat shield but also to transmit the SHORTER WAVELENGTHS of the ultraviolet radiation. The limiting factor is normally the lower limit of atmospheric TRANSMISSION at about 190 nm.

Right option is (a) Blood cells

The explanation is: The LIQUID PART of the blood—the blood plasma, and the formed elements—the blood cells are analyzed during a chemical examination. The blood plasma ACCOUNTS for about 60% of the blood volume and the blood cells OCCUPY the other 40%. The plasma is obtained by centrifuging a blood sample.

Right answer is (c) ROTATIONAL

Easiest explanation: Electronic TRANSITIONS correspond to the ultraviolet and visible regions, vibrational transitions to the near INFRARED and infrared regions and rotational transitions to the infrared and far-infrared regions. The method based on the ABSORPTION of RADIATION of a substance is known as Absorption Spectroscopy.

Correct choice is (c) Blood

To EXPLAIN I would say: The most common substance for analysis from the body is blood. This is because the blood carries out the most IMPORTANT FUNCTION of TRANSPORTATION and many PATHOLOGICAL processes manifest themselves as demonstrable changes in the blood.

Correct choice is (d) Blood plasma

Explanation: The liquid part of the blood—the blood plasma, and the formed elements—the blood CELLS are analyzed during a chemical examination. The blood plasma accounts for about 60% of the blood volume and the blood cells occupy the other 40%. The plasma is obtained by CENTRIFUGING a blood sample.

Correct choice is (C) Tungsten Lamp

To explain: The function of the RADIATION source is to provide a SUFFICIENT INTENSITY of light which is suitable for making a MEASUREMENT. The most common and convenient source of light is the tungsten lamp. This lamp consists of a tungsten filament enclosed in a glass envelope. It is cheap, intense and reliable. A major portion of the energy emitted by a tungsten lamp is in the visible region and only about 15 to 20% is in the infrared region.

The correct option is (d) 20 to 25 ML

Explanation: A micro-electrode for clinical applications requires only 20–25 ml of CAPILLARY blood for the determination of pH. The electrode is enclosed in a water jacket with circulating water at a constant temperature of 38°C. The water contains 1% NACI for SHIELDING against static interference.

Correct answer is (d) Detecting system

Easiest EXPLANATION: An optical system for producing a parallel beam of FILTERED light for passage through an absorption cell (cuvette). The system may include lenses, mirrors, slits, diaphragm, etc. A detecting system for the measurement of unabsorbed RADIANT energy, which could be the human eye, a barrier-layer cell, phototube or photo-multiplier TUBE.

Correct answer is (b) pathological

To explain I would say: Most of the pathological processes result in chemical changes in the internal environment of the HUMAN BODY. These changes can generally be detected by the analysis of various SAMPLES taken from the body. The analysis not only helps in the diagnosis of various ailments but also in determining the PROGRESS of treatment and for MAKING a prognosis.

Correct answer is (a) 7.0 to 7.2

For explanation: When CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli, the blood pH RISES 0.04 UNITS to bring the normal arterial value of 7.40. It is QUITE difficult to MEASURE the pH of fluids inside the tissue cells, but from ESTIMATES based on CO2 and (HCO–3) ion concentration, intracellular pH probably ranges from 7.0 to 7.2.

Right choice is (d) PHOTOMULTIPLIER

To ELABORATE: The amount of light reaching the detector of a spectrophotometer is generally much smaller than that available for a colorimeter, because of the small spectral bandwidth. Therefore, a more sensitive detector is required. A photomultiplier or vacuum PHOTOCELL is generally employed.

Correct choice is (d) standard potential

The best explanation: The potential (E) of the glass electrode may be written by means of the Nernst

equation:

where, EO = standard potential R = gas constant T = absolute TEMPERATURE F = Faraday constant DPH = PH value deviation from 7.The above relation shows that the emf developed in the electro-chemical pH cell is a linear function of DpH.

Right OPTION is (c) GAMMA rays

The EXPLANATION: Electromagnetic spectrum ranges from very short wavelengths (including gamma and X-rays) to very long wavelengths (including microwaves and BROADCAST radio waves). The range of wavelength of gamma rays and X-rays is 10-4 to 10 nm. The range of wavelengths of microwaves and radio-waves is 106 to 109 nm.

Correct option is (c) Spectrophotometry

Explanation: Spectrophotometry is the most IMPORTANT of all the INSTRUMENTAL methods of analysis in clinical chemistry. This method is based on the absorption of electromagnetic RADIATION in the visible, ULTRAVIOLET and infrared ranges.