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The correct CHOICE is (b) Ground STAFF COMMUNICATIONS

The best explanation: Ground staff communications are not included in FANS. HOWEVER, air traffic control clearances, pilot requests and position reporting are all part of the FANS communication system.

The correct choice is (a) English

The best explanation: English is the official language of aviation. All aviation communications are DONE using the language, irrespective of the LOCAL language of the place where aircraft is FLYING.

Right OPTION is (a) False

Explanation: False, the more INFORMATION needing transfer, the greater is the chance for ERROR. To avoid such errors and in order to improve this situation, a STANDARD AVIATION language is important.

The correct option is (C) ATTENUATION

To explain: Attenuation is not a communication ERROR. However, AMOUNT of information, unclear pronunciation and MISUNDERSTANDING are all types of a communication error.

Correct answer is (b) ARINC

Best explanation: The protocol for ACARS was DESIGNED by Aeronautical Radio, INCORPORATED (ARINC). It was deployed in 1978, using the TELEX format.

The correct answer is (a) FANS-B

Best explanation: The Airbus ICAO compliant product for the A320 family of AIRCRAFTS is KNOWN as FANS-B. The term FANS refers to Future AIR Navigation System. These are systems USED on modern airliners to improve their navigational CAPABILITIES.

The CORRECT answer is (a) FANS-1/A

For explanation: The AIRBUS A380 and Boeing 787 aircrafts have FANS-1/A CAPABILITY. ARINC 622 STANDARD is used to define such devices. The A380 and 787 are both modern airliners, featuring enhanced aerodynamic capabilities.

Right option is (C) Aircraft communications addressing and reporting system

For explanation: ACARS refers to Aircraft communications addressing and reporting system. Such SYSTEMS make use of digital datalink technology and are HELPFUL in transmitting short MESSAGES between an aircraft and the ground station.

The correct answer is (a) 1951

Easiest explanation: English was ESTABLISHED as the international AVIATION language in 1951. It was done so as to improve consistency, accuracy, and EFFECTIVENESS of pilot – air traffic CONTROL communication.

Right answer is (a) 121.5 MHZ

The best explanation: 121.5 MHz is the only CHANNEL that retains 100 kHz channel spacing in the US. It is an emergency COMMUNICATION channel. No channel allocations are PRESENT between 121.4 and 121.5 or between 121.5 and 121.6.

The correct answer is (c) 200 mi

The best explanation: The transmission range of an aircraft flying at a cruise altitude of 35,000 FEET, is roughly AROUND 200 miles, which is APPROXIMATELY 322 km. The range is dependent on the PREVAILING weather conditions and is reduced in extreme weather conditions.

Correct ANSWER is (b) 137

For explanation I would SAY: The VHF air BAND uses the frequencies between 108MHz and 137MHz. In most countries a LICENSE is required to OPERATE an air band equipment.

Right choice is (C) 1 January 1990

The best I can EXPLAIN: The frequencies lying between the 136.000 and 136.975 MHZ bandwidth were ADDED on 1 January 1990. These frequencies helped in increasing the total number of channels to 740. The addition was necessary to decrease the load on the existing channels.

Right answer is (b) Walkie-talkie COMMUNICATION

The EXPLANATION: Walkie-talkie communication is not a common use for RADIO waves in the VHF band. However, FM radio broadcasting, Marine communications and Television broadcasting are all common uses of radio waves in the VHF band.

Right choice is (a) High frequency

For explanation I WOULD say: Frequencies lying immediately below VHF are referred to as high frequency. The high frequency BAND has a NUMBER of applications ranging from aviation communication, weather analysis and GOVERNMENT usage. Further, the high frequency band succeeds the medium frequency band.

The correct OPTION is (a) 30 MHz to 300 MHz

The explanation is: Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency RANGE from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.VHF is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency EM Waves.

Correct OPTION is (d) Singe-sideband modulation

The BEST explanation: SSB modulation refers to Singe-sideband modulation (SSB), or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC). Under SSB modulation, the TRANSMITTER bandwidth and power are USED in a more EFFICIENT manner and the system is based on AM Modulation.

Right option is (a) Amplitude MODULATION

Explanation: RADIO operations USED for aircraft communication make use of amplitude modulation techniques. It is a RELIABLE modulation technique and ensures that the signal is transmitted with minimal loss.

Right CHOICE is (c) Shortwave RADIO

To elaborate: Communication at HIGH frequencies is often CALLED shortwave radio. This is because the HF band is a major part of the shortwave band of frequencies.

Right OPTION is (b) True

Explanation: True, MILITARY AIRCRAFT also use a dedicated UHF-AM band from 225.0–399.95. It is used mainly for air-to-air and air-to-ground communications, including communications with the ATC.

The CORRECT choice is (C) 4.166 kHz

To explain: The maximum AUDIO frequency at which an air band channel can operate is 4.166 kHz. The frequency is kept in accordance to the largest POSSIBLE BANDWIDTH of a particular air band channel, which is 8.33 kHz.

Correct choice is (a) 2,280

Easiest explanation: The European UNION allows a maximum of 2,280 air BAND channels. Further, it is a common practice in the European Union to DIVIDE one air band channel into three different channels, THUS increasing the total available channels.

The CORRECT option is (b) 243.0 MHz

Explanation: 243.0 MHz is the EMERGENCY channel for military aircraft. The channel also serves as a GUARD channel but is typically designated for emergency SITUATIONS.

Right answer is (b) True

Explanation: True, the LOWEST 10 MHz of the band is split into narrow-band channels of 50 KHZ. The band from 108–117.95 MHz, is split into 200 narrow-band channels of 50 kHz.

The CORRECT option is (c) Maximum usable frequency

For explanation: MUF refers to Maximum usable frequency. The maximum usable frequency is dependent on the ANGLE of INCIDENCE of the waves and THUS KEEPS on changing.

Correct option is (a) MEDIUM frequency

The explanation: The FREQUENCIES immediately below HF are REFERRED to as Medium frequency. The medium frequency band also COMPRISES of the medium wave band, used specifically for broadcasting AM.

Right choice is (b) Decameter band

The EXPLANATION: The High FREQUENCY (HF) Band is also known as the Decameter band. This is because of the wavelengths in this band range from one to ten DECAMETERS.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (a) D-layer

To explain: The lowest usable frequency DEPENDS on the absorption of the D-layer. The D-layer is the LOWER layer of the ionosphere and lies beneath the E-layer.

Right choice is (a) 3 MHz to 30 MHz

Easy EXPLANATION: HIGH frequency refers to the radio frequency range LYING between 3 MHz to 30 MHz. These waves possess wavelengths from ONE to ten decameters and the band is thus referred to as the decameter band.

Right ANSWER is (b) FREQUENCY of optimum transmission

Explanation: FOT refers to the Frequency of optimum transmission. It is the highest EFFECTIVE frequency, predicted to be useful for a SPECIFIED path in the transmission of radio waves, via ionospheric reflection.

Right option is (B) True

The best I can explain: True. In AVIATION, HF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS are required for all trans-oceanic flights. This is because HF is suitable for long-distance communication and for mountainous TERRAINS.

Correct option is (d) Higher frequencies

Explanation: On a day in full summer the higher frequencies tend to be more USABLE. This is because of the MUF and LUF phenomenon, which DEPEND on the ANGLE of incidence of the WAVES.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Radio FREQUENCY identification

The explanation is: RFID refers to radio frequency identification. The RFID tags USE High Frequency (HF). These tags are commonly known as High-Frequency Identification or HFIDs.

Right OPTION is (a) 26.5 MHz to 30 MHz

For explanation: The UPPER section of high frequency range refers to frequencies having a magnitude between 26.5 MHz and 30 MHz. Frequencies from this section POSSESS characteristics similar to frequencies in the lower part of VHF.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Straight UPWARDS

To explain I would say: The maximum usable frequency is lowest when the waves are DIRECTED straight upwards, and it is higher with less acute ANGLES. This means that at LONGER distances, the MUF might be much higher.

The CORRECT choice is (d) 10 kW to 50 kW

Easy explanation: The clear-channel stations, are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 kW to 50 kW. These channels are for NIGHT time use over extended service areas VIA SKY WAVE.

Correct option is (b) TRUE

To elaborate: True, HF RADIO WAVES can travel beyond the horizon. These waves can travel around the curve of the earth, however its suitability is dependent on various complex FACTORS.

Correct option is (a) Ground waves

The best I can explain: Radio waves at Medium FREQUENCY wavelengths propagate VIA ground waves. Ground waves follow the CONTOUR of the EARTH and TRAVEL beyond the visual horizon.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Hectometer band

To explain I would say: The MEDIUM frequency (HF) Band is also KNOWN as the Hectometer band. This is because of the wavelengths in this band range from ten to ONE hectometer.

Right CHOICE is (c) 1000 to 100m

To explain: The WAVELENGTH range for medium FREQUENCY is 1000 to 100m. MF is mostly used in trans-oceanic ATC CONTROL and maritime ship to shore communication.

Correct ANSWER is (c) Low FREQUENCY

To explain I would say: The FREQUENCIES immediately below medium frequency band are referred to as low frequency. The low frequency band MAY also be referred to as the kilometer band and it succeeds the ultra-low frequency band.

Correct answer is (b) 300 kHz to 3 MHz

To ELABORATE: Medium FREQUENCY (MF) is the radio frequency range from 300 kHz to 3 MHz. MF is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency EM Waves between the GIVEN frequencies.

Right ANSWER is (c) 525 kHz to 1705 kHz

Explanation: 525 kHz to 1705 kHz is the ALLOCATED frequency RANGE for MF in NORTH America. The allocated frequency range for MF in Europe is 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz.