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Jaisamand, Rajsamand, Pushkar, Siliserh, Ramgarh, Kolayat, Nakki, Kaylana, Ana Sagar, Fateh Sagar and Pichola are the fresh water lakes of Rajasthan.

The present Rajasthan came into existence on November 1, 1956, and it was converted into a first category state from a second category state.

Correct Answer is: (c) Jaisamand

The teak trees cannot bear extreme cold and frost, so their extension is mostly found in southern Rajasthan as there is very little cold and frost in this region.

A reserved forest is a specific term which is under the direct supervision of the government and there is ban on timber collection or grazing of cattle.

The estates of Banswara, Kushalgarh, Bundi, Dungarpur, Kishangarh, Kota, Pratapgarh, Shahpura and Tonk were unified and included in the Rajasthan Sangh.

Aravalli mountain range, situated in the central part of Rajasthan, is considered to be the oldest mountain range of the world, which has turned into a residual mountain due to the process of denudation. The total length of this mountain range is 692 km, out of which the length of 550 km is found in Rajasthan.

The Extension of Aravalli Mountain Range: It is extended mainly in the districts of Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and Jhunjhunu. It is in a series from Sirohi to Khetari, and after that, it is spread up till Delhi in the form of small hills. Divisions of Aravalli: 

It has been divided into three areas:

1. Northern Aravalli 

2. Central or middle Aravalli 

3. Southern Aravalli.

1. Northern Aravalli: It is the northern – most part of Aravalli mountain range which is extended from Jaipur to Khetari. It is mainly extended in the districts of Dausa, Alwar, Sikar, and Jhunjhunu. The hills of Toravati, Shekhawati, Jaipur and Alwar are included in this region of Aravalli. The average height of these hills is from 450 meters to 700 meters. The highest mountain peak of this part is Raghunathgarh (1055 m). 

2. Central or Middle Aravalli: This part of Aravalli is spread from Jaipur to Ajmer. Mountain range of this part of Aravalli is in alternate series. The important peak of this part is Taragarh which is 885 meters high. The river Luni orginates in this part of Aravalli. 

3. Southern Aravalli: This part of Aravalli is extended from Ajmer to Abu. The peaks in this part have the highest height. The highest peak of Aravalli, Guru Shikhar (1722 meters), is situated in this part. Other important peaks are Achalgarh, Delwara, Kumbhalgarh, etc. which are also situated in this part of Aravalli. The plateau of Bhorath lies between Kumbhalgarh. (North Udaipur) and Gogunda which is the origin point of the rivers flowing towards the east.

The extension of Northern Aravalli is found mainly in Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and Jhunjhunu districts.

The surface characteristics of southern Aravalli region are given below: 

1. The highest peaks of Aravalli are found in this region. 

2. It is the origin place of the rivers that flow towards the East. 

3. The rocks of Schist, Gneiss, dolomite and quartz are found here. 

4. The zig – zag part of eastern Sirohi district is also called as Bhabar region. 

5. Evergreen forests are found in this part of Aravalli Range. 

6. This part of Aravalli receives the maximum rainfall. 

7. The Passes named Desuri ki Nal, Sadri ki Nal, Hathinal and Somdev Hathiguda are situated in the southern part of Aravalli.

Greater Rajasthan was formed on 30th March, 1949, by merging the estates of Bikaner, Jaipur, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur in Joint Rajasthan.

The formation of Joint Rajasthan was done on 18th April, 1948, by merging the estate of Udaipur in older Rajasthan Sangh.

Rajasthan ranks first in India with the viewpoint of area. So, it is natural to have landform variations here. 

On the basis of land form variations, Rajasthan has been divided into the following physical regions:

1. Western Deserted Region 

2. Aravalli Mountain Region 

3. Eastern Plains 

4. South – Eastern Plateau Region

Western Deserted Region: It is the largest physical region of Rajasthan, which lies from Aravalli mountain range to the west of Rajasthan. Its height is 60 meters to 360 meters from sea level.

Origin of Western Deserted Region: The formation of desert region in Rajasthan is considered to be done by the deposited silt in Tethys Geocycline. Due to excessive temperature and pressure over these geocyclines of Tethys, it turned into a desert.

Extension of Deserted Area: The extension of this deserted region of Rajasthan is mainly found in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Churu, Bikaner, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore, and Sirohi districts.

Division of Deserted Region of Rajasthan: On the basis of ground variation, this driest part of Rajasthan has been divided into four parts:

1. Sandy Dry plains 

2. Luni Basin 

3. Inland Drainage plains 

4. Plains of Ghagghar.

1. Sandy Dry Plains: It is a dry deserted plain region which is situated in the west of 25 cm Isohyet of the state. The districts of Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu are included in this region.

2. Luni Basin: This basin is located in the South-west part of Aravalli between the Isohyet line of 25 cm to 50 cm. The extension of this area is in southern Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore and western Sirohi. Pachpadra is the main saline water area of this region.

3. Inland Drainage plains: It is also known as Shekhavati region. The extension of this semi-dry region is in Jhunjhunu, Sikar, and the Northern part of Nagaur. It is an area of inland drainage system. Most of the Barkhans (sandy dunes) are found in this part. In this region, the rivers and drains disappear after covering a little distance.

4. Plain of Ghaghar: It is the northern part of desert which is extended in the districts of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh. River Ghagghar is a part of Inland drainage system. The dried-up tributaries and sub rivers of Ghagghar are considered the part of River Saraswati which originated from the Himalayas. Intensive farming is practiced in this region with the help of irrigation obtained from Indira Gandhi and Gang canals. 

The Joint Greater Rajasthan was formed on May 15, 1949, by merging Matsya Sangh into Greater Rajasthan Sangh.

Rajasthan was declared as a state of A category on November 1, 1956.

With the viewpoint of administration, Rajasthan has been divided into seven divisions, 33 districts, 9 sub – districts, 314 tehsils, 295 panchayat samitis, 222 nagar palikas and 990 village panchayats.

The formation of Triangular Alluvium Plains has been done by River Chambal and its tributaries Kali Sindh and Parvati flowing in the area of Lava-Plateau of Deccan.

Rajasthan is located in the North – western part of India and it is situated between 23° 3′ to 30°12′ Northern latitude and 69°30′ to 78°17′ Eastern longitude.

The Plateau of Bhorath is situated between Kumbhalgarh and Gogunda in the South of Udaipur.

Starting from Vidhyayan mountain range in Madhya Pradesh, Parvati river flows in the district of Baran and drains into the Chambal at Pali.

Sabarmati River originates from the hills situated in the west of Udaipur.

Correct Answer is: (a) Rajputana

Correct Answer is: (c) 295

The border of Rajasthan is formed by Punjab in North, Haryana in North – East, Uttar Pradesh in East, Madhya Pradesh in South – East and by Gujarat in South – West, while its international border is formed by Pakistan in the west.

Correct Answer is: (b) Udaipur

Correct Answer is: (c) Jalore

Correct Answer is: (c) Udaipur

At the time of independence, there were 19 estates, 3 chiefships and one union terriory named Ajmer – Merwara in Rajasthan.

Correct Answer is: (b) Ganganagar

Due to very low height and lack of vegetation cover, Aravalli mountain range is not helpful in causing rainfall.

The characteristics of rainy season in Rajasthan are: 

1. Rajasthan receives rainfall from both the monsoon branches. 

2. There is an uneven distribution of rainfall in Rajasthan. It keeps on decreasing from east to west and from south to north. 

3. Most of the rainfall of Rajasthan occurs during the rainy season. 

4. There is very little annual rainfall in the state even after the presence of both the branches of monsoon.

Mavath is winter rainfall in Rajasthan caused by western disturbance which is a tropical storm originating from the Mediterranean Sea region that brings sudden rainfall in Western Rajasthan. The Mavath or precipitation during the winter season has great importance in agriculture, particularly for the Rabi crops. Wheat among them is one of the most important crops, which helps to fulfill the food requirement of Rajasthan as well. And, hence, Mavath serves as a boon for Rajasthan.

1. The arrival of winter season in Rajasthan starts along with the declination of sun toward the south. 

2. The North – Western cold winds start blowing in the entire state. 

3. Sometimes, the temperature falls down to freezing point in some parts of the state. 

4. Frost takes place in some regions during the winter. 

5. It rains due to temperate cyclones in the winter which is called as Mavath in local language.

The winter season has been divided into two parts:

1. Autumn or Monsoon Reversal period. 

2. Dry winter season.

The dry, hot and dusty winds that blow during summer season in north-west India are called Loo.

The extension of Aravalli mountain range is parallel to the direction of Arabian Sea monsoon branch, so there is no obstruction in monsoon of this branch and hence Rajasthan receives no rainfall from it.

Correct Answer is : (b) 51

Correct Answer is: (a) 52.37 cm

Correct Answer is :(d) Sirohi

The main tree species found in the dry teak forests are Tendu, Dhavara, Gurjan, Godal, Siris, Haldu, Khair, Semal, Ritha, Bahera and Tamarind.

The characteristics of arid climatic zone extended to the western part are: 

1. The dry and hot climatic conditions are found in this region. 

2. The average rainfall in this zone of Rajasthan is less than 25 cm. 

3. During the summer season, the temperature in this region increases to 45°C to 49°C while in winter, it falls down to 8°C to 0°C.

4. Due to surplus sand, the dusty storms and hard winds are experienced. 

5. The range of temperature is high on daily basis as well as on annual basis.

There is lack of forests in the arid and semi-arid districts-Churu, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer etc.

The quality and density of forests at large depends on the rainfall received in the region. The dense forests are found in areas where there is high rate of precipitation. The Southern and South-Eastern part of Rajasthan receives high amount of rainfall and therefore dense forests are seen in these regions. Areas of dense forests in Rajasthan are in Sirohi, Banswqra, Dungarpur, Chittorgarh, Jhalawar, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur and Alwar.

Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth’s surface and is formed from the weathering of rocks. It is made up mainly of mineral particles, organic materials, air, water and living organisms, all of which interact slowly and constantly. 

The process by which soil is formed as a result of interaction overtime between parent material (rock) climate, topography and organisms is known as pedogenesis.

The desert soils are found in unfavorable climatic zones of western Rajasthan. Their main characteristics are given below:

1. The formation of this type of soil is due to physical fragmentation (temperature and wind). 

2. It is transformed mainly by the winds. 

3. The water holding capacity of this soil is very low. 

4. There is very low amount of fertile elements, while a lot of salinity is present in this soil. 

5. The structure of this soil is seen in two forms sandy soil and concrete soil. 

6. It proves to be fertile, if there are enough facilities of irrigation.

The main characteristics of red – yellow soil are: 

1. This soils lacks in fertile elements. 

2. It is formed by the fragmentation of the rocks like granite, schist and Gneiss. 

3. It lacks in elements like calcium and nitrogen. 

4. It is rich in ferrous substances, so it is in red colour. 

5. Mt is suitable for the cultivation of cotton and groundnut.

The unclassified forests are those forests where there is no restriction on the cutting of trees and animal grazing.

The upper most layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark – brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay and rock particles.

The forming or controlling or effecting factors of soil are time, climate, parent material, topographical relief and organisms.

The major problem in Rajasthan is soil erosion. The destruction of soil due to erosion is called creaping death.

The red – yellow soil is mainly found in the districts of Sawai Madhopur, Sirohi, Rajsamand, Udaipur and the western part of Bhilwara.