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In Rajasthan, the nearby region of Jodhpur and Pali which were the parts of Marwar was jointly called Gurjaratra.

The Rivers Saraswati and Drashdhwati flowed in Rajasthan in ancient time.

(b) Radcliffe line

(b) In Hills of Khamnor

The main lakes of salt water found in the inland drainage system are Sambhar, Didwana, Kuchaman, Sujangarh, Tal Chhapar, and Parihara.

(c) Southern division

Correct Answer is: (b) 550 km

The extension of Aravalli mountain range is from Khetari of Jhunjhunu to the village of Khedbrahma located on the border of Gujarat.

The Aravalli mountain range passes through the districts of Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and Jhunjhunu.

In Rajasthan, the condition of temperature found in the month of July shows variations. The isotherms which show temperature in Rajasthan depict the maximum and minimum temperature regions. In the districts of western Rajasthan, mainly Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Shri Ganganagar, western parts of Jodhpur, Hanumangarh and western Churu, average temperature is more than 37.5°C to 50°C.

On the other hand, maximum average temperature of around 25° C to 37.5°C is found in Barmer, South – eastern part of Jaisalmer, central part of Jodhpur, Nagaur, South – Eastern regions of Churu, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa, Karauli, Dholpur and Sawai Madhopur, and in Bikaner, South – Western part of Ganganagar, western part of Churu, the average temperature remains around 27.5°C.

In the districts of Jalore, North – western part of Sirohi, North – Eastern region of Pali, Banswara, Ajmer, Jaipur, Bundi, Kota, Baran and Chittorgarh and northern Jhalawar, the average maximum temperature is seen to be between 32.5°C and 35°C, while average minimum temperature is about 25°C. The maximum average temperature in the districts of Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, most of Chittorgarh, Southern regions of Rajsamand is 32.5°C. The average minimum temperature in the same districts is below 25°C.

The vegetation of Rajasthan follows its physical zones. On moving from west to east, the conditions of temperature, amount of rainfall and structure of soil also change at large. There is desert in the western part of Rajasthan in which arid and semi-arid vegetation is found due to high temperature, lack of rainfall and sandy soil.

The mountain vegetation is seen in the Aravalli range, while in the eastern plains of Rajasthan, the dense deciduous forests are seen due to the network of rivers, sufficient rainfall and fertile alluvial soil. On the other hand, there is excess humidity in the hilly regions of Mount Abu and hence dense evergreen forests are seen in this hilly area.

The types of forests change along with the amount of rainfall and temperature. As the amount of rainfall is increased, the dry and deciduous forests transform into evergreen forests. While moving from South to North and East to West, the form of forests keeps on changing into smaller and rarer.

The forests of Palash are found mainly in the districts of Alwar, Ajmer, Sirohi, Udaipur, Pali, Rajsamand and Chittorgarh in Rajasthan.

The forests of Dhokara are found in the regions of Rajasthan which are at average height of 240 to 760 m. So, these forests are mainly found in the districts of Kota, Bundi, Sawai MadhopUr, Jaipur, Alwar, Ajmer, Udaipur, Rajsamand and Chittorgarh.

Conditions found in Rajasthan show variations due to its vast geographical area. The geographical conditions and climate of Rajasthan is of such type, that the extension of forests in this state is significantly less as compared to the other states of India.

According to the National Forest Policy (1988), in order to conserve the ecological system, there should be forests on at least one-third part of the total surface area. In Rajasthan, there are forests on only 9.32% of surface area. Dense forest region amounts only to 3.83% in Rajasthan. Per capita forest area in Rajasthan is just 0.03 hectare, which is significantly less than the average per capita forest area of 0.13 hectare of entire India. There is significant variation in the geographical distribution of forests in Rajasthan.

Relatively denser forest regions of Rajasthan are present in the districts of Sirohi, Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Jhalawar, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur and Alwar. Forests are present on more than 20% area of these districts. Churu, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Barmer districts situated in the dry region of Rajasthan have forests on less than 2% of their total geographical surface area.

In Rajasthan, Sirohi and Churu are districts with maximum (31%) andjninimum (0.05%) forest cover respectively. Only thorny bushes and Sevan grass is found in Jaisalmer. Due to the provision .of water from the Indira Gandhi Canal, greenery is now on an increase.

A brief description of benefits derived from the forests in the state is as given below: 

1. We obtain timber, wood and bamboo from the forests. 

2. Forests provide us various forest products such as honey, wax, catechu, gum etc. that fulfill many of our daily needs. 

3. We obtain Tendu – leaves which are used as raw material in Bidi Industry. Besides it, the cups (Dona) and plates (Pattal) are made from the leaves of Palash. 

4. We obtain many types of fruits like mango, blackberry, mulberry, gooseberry, pumpkin, cranberry, khirni, custard apple etc. 

5. Forests provide us incense grasses which are used for making the essential oils and perfumes. 

6. We obtain many type of herbs that are used to make Ayurvedic medicines. 

7. Sericulture is practiced on the trees of mulberry and castor to obtain silk. 

8. The forests provide us raw materials for several industries such as paper, match stick, sports goods, rubber, paint, etc. 

9. Forests provide fodder for our cattle.

There are various invisible and long-term benefits of forests, which are obtained after a long time period. These benefits are called indirect benefits of forests. 

Some of invisible benefits are given as below:

1. The forests play an important role in keeping environment even and moist. 

2. The forests attract the clouds and thus cause rainfall. 

3. The forests reduce the intensity of storms and cyclones. 

4. The forests reduce the outbreak of floods.

5. The forests are helpful in checking the soil erosion and expansion of deserts. 

6. The leaves of trees get mixed up in the soil and provide humus and thus increase the fertility of soil. 

7. The forests absorb the rain water and in this way they increase the ground water level. 

8. The burned forests turn into coal due to earth’s extreme pressure and temperature which is a main source of energy. 

9. Forest provide a natural habitat for wildlife. 

10.Forests are the junctions for sport and so they provide entertainment to people. 

11.Forests are very beautiful and charming and are therefore called the Ornaments of our Earth. 

12.Forests are helpful in maintaining the ecological balance. 

13.By releasing oxygen, forests reduce environmental pollution. 

14.Forests reduce noise pollution. 

15.Forests control the greenhouse gas effect caused by air pollution. 

16.Forests have an important place in Indian culture and civilization. They are considered the most suitable places for contemplation and meditation and worshiping Gods.

The characteristics of excessively humid climate are: 

1. The average annual rainfall is more than 75 cm. 

2. The monsoon winds are more active in this area. 

3. The evergreen forests are found in this type of climate.