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Right choice is (b) prestressed concrete

Easiest explanation: Prestressed concrete is a FORM of concrete used in construction which is “pre-stressed” by being placed under compression prior to SUPPORTING any loads beyond its own dead WEIGHT. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength “tendons” located within or adjacent to the concrete volume and is done to improve the PERFORMANCE of the concrete in service.

Right OPTION is (b) normal lead and LIFT

To explain I would say: Normal rate for earthwork is for 30 m lead and 1.5 m lift. For greater lead or lift the rates will be different (higher) for every unit of 30 m lead and for every unit of 1.5 m lift. The earthwork is, THEREFORE, estimated SEPARATELY for every 30 m lead and for every 1.5 m lift.

The correct OPTION is (a) BROAD gauge

Easy explanation: INDIAN gauge 1,676 mm (5 FT 6 in) (a broad gauge) is the predominant gauge USED by IR.

Broad Gauge: width 1676 mm to 1524 mm or 5’6” to 5’0”

Standard Gauge: width 1435 mm and 1451 mm or 4′-8⅟2”

Metre Gauge: width 1067 mm, 1000 mm and 915 mm or 3′-6”, 3′-33/8” and 3′-0”

Narrow Gauge: width 762 mm and 610 mm or 2′-6” and 2′-0”.

Right ANSWER is (d) Surface drains

To explain I would SAY: These are usually provided at the side of the road and along the boundary line of the BUILDING. As far as possible drains should not be laid under the buildings. For efficient draining the surfacedrains should have certain qualities, such as should be laid in such a gradient to develop self -cleaning velocity, should have a reasonable free board at the top, joint should be smooth FINISHED, easy curves, INNER surface should be smooth, cheap in construction and maintenance.

Right option is (b) False

To explain: The strongest LEVEL of DECONTAMINATION in increasing order is: Sanitation, Antiseptic, Disinfection, STERILIZATION.

Right OPTION is (c) Grade

To explain I WOULD SAY: The grade (also called slope, incline, gradient, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a PHYSICAL feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where ZERO indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of “tilt”. Often slope is calculated as a ratio of “rise” to “run”, or as a fraction (“rise over run”) in which run is the horizontal distance and rise is the vertical distance.

The correct option is (a) SEPTIC tank

Easiest explanation: A septic tank collects and treats wastewater at a property that is not connected to the mains sewer system. Installed underground, a septic tank makes use of NATURAL processes to treat the sewage it stores. Usually made up of TWO chambers or compartments, the tank receives wastewater from an inlet pipe. Wastewater ENTERS the first CHAMBER and separates over time, with solids settling at the bottom, oils and greases forming a layer of scum at the top, and a layer of relatively clear water remaining in the middle.

Correct option is (b) 2 m

Best explanation: As a very general GUIDELINE it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above GROUNDWATER level, and a MINIMUM horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to MICROBIAL contamination.[1]However, no general statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly karstified system with a down gradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.

The correct choice is (c) rail GRINDER

The best I can explain: A rail grinder (or rail grinder) is a maintenance of WAY vehicle or train used to restore the profile and remove irregularities from worn tracks to extend its life and to improve the ride of trains using the TRACK. Rail grinders were developed to increase the lifespan of the tracks being serviced for rail corrugation. Rail grinding is a process that is done to stop the deformation due to use and FRICTION on railroad tracks by REMOVING deformations and corrosion.

Right choice is (a) Sterilization

To explain I would say: The process of RENDERING an article safe to handle, by cleaning with or without DISINFECTION or sterilization. Disinfection: The process of killing or removing pathogenic micro-organisms, except for bacterial SPORES and prions from INANIMATE objects or skin, to a LEVEL which is not harmful to health.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (a) curb

Best explanation: A curb or kerb is the edge where a raised sidewalk (pavement in BRITISH ENGLISH) or road median/central RESERVATION meets a street or other roadway.

The correct option is (c) prismoidal formula

The best explanation: The area with every contour may be found by using a Planimeter or a tracing paper containing squares. Then the prismoidal formula may be APPLIED to calculate the volume, the DISTANCE between the TWO SECTIONS will be the contour INTERVALS, i.e., the difference of level between two consecutive contours.

The correct answer is (c) 25

The best I can explain: In Cinema and theatres 1 for 200 persons or part thereof, in restaurant 1 for every WATER CLOSET provision, in hostels 1 for 8 persons or part thereof.

Right choice is (c) 45%

To explain: It is the fourth largest railway network in the world by size, comprising 119,630 kilometres (74,330 mi) of total track and 92,081 km (57,216 mi) of running track over a route of 66,687 km (41,437 mi) at the end of 2015-16. Forty-five percentage of its routes are electrified, USING entirely 25 kV AC electric traction. The track is mostly broad gauge with small STRETCHES of metre and narrow gauge track. 37% of the tracks are double or multiple TRACKED.

The correct answer is (b) traps

Explanation: In plumbing, a trap is a DEVICE which has a shape that uses a bending path to capture WATER to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings, while allowing waste to pass through. In REFINERY APPLICATIONS, traps are used to prevent hydrocarbons and other dangerous gases from escaping outside through drains.

Correct choice is (b) gravity distribution

The best I can explain: This system is possible when the SOURCE of supply is lake or impounding RESERVOIR at some ELEVATION above the city so that sufficient PRESSURE can be MAINTAINED in the mains.

Right answer is (c) Sag vertical

Explanation: The most important design criterion for these curves is HEADLIGHT SIGHT DISTANCE. When a driver is driving on a sag curve at night, the sight distance is limited by the higher grade in front of the vehicle. This distance must be long enough that the driver can see any obstruction on the road and stop the vehicle within the headlight sight distance. The headlight sight distance (S) is DETERMINED by the ANGLE of the headlight and angle of the tangent slope at the end of the curve.

The correct option is (c) men at work

To explain: Men At Work Sign is MUTCD compliant for SAFETY protocol and compliance on roadways and in parking lots. A Men At Work Sign is a useful device to help display OFFICIAL REGULATIONS and provide mandatory information to drivers and pedestrians on both public and private roadways and parking areas.

The correct option is (b) Pedestrian crossing

The best I can explain: A pedestrian crossing or crosswalk is a place designated for pedestrians to CROSS a road. Crosswalks are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the flow of vehicular traffic.

Marked pedestrian crossings are often found at intersections, but MAY also be at other points on busy roads that would otherwise be too unsafe to cross without assistance due to vehicle numbers, SPEED or road widths. They are also COMMONLY installed where large numbers of pedestrians are attempting to cross (such as in shopping areas) or where vulnerable road users (such as school children) regularly cross.

Right CHOICE is (d) public sector

To elaborate: They are owned by the state or local authorities, or also by collectives or cooperatives. They run without an aim for profit but are based on the ethos of providing a common good considered to be of public INTEREST. In most middle and low-income countries, these PUBLICLY owned and managed water PROVIDERS can be inefficient as a result of political INTERFERENCE, leading to over-staffing and low labour productivity.

The correct ANSWER is (a) 60

To explain: It may be of R.C.C, Hume pipe, cast iron pipe, S.W. Inlet and OUTLET may be made through T-junction pipe or baffle wall of precast R.C.C. may be provided at a distance 1/5 of length of the SEPTIC tank so that the inlet sewage may not disturb the working of the tank.

The correct CHOICE is (B) 3 HECTARE

For EXPLANATION: Permanent land = 1000 *300 = 30000 sq m = 30000/10000 = 3 hectare.

Correct choice is (b) 3

Easiest explanation: The soiling coat, inter coat and top coat. The metal may be stone ballast, brick ballast, KANKAR, etc. The inter coat and top coat are made with 12 cm (4 1/2 ”) THICK layer loose compacted to 8 cm (3”). The soiling coat may be of brick flat or brick on edge, or of stone boulder or of same type as for the inter or top coat if the sub-soil is GOOD, or may be of greater.The top or wearing coat may also be of cement CONCRETE bituminous.

Right answer is (b) 25 cm

To explain: The user positions themself over the small drop hole during use. The size of the feces drop hole in the floor or slab should not be larger than 25 CENTIMETERS (9.8 inches) to prevent children FALLING in. Light should be PREVENTED from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This REQUIRES the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use. However, in practice, such a lid is not commonly used as it is easy to lose it or for the lid to get very filthy.

The correct answer is (d) roundabout

The best I can explain: A roundabout, also called a TRAFFIC circle, road circle, rotary, rotunda or island, is a type of circular intersection or JUNCTION in which road traffic FLOWS almost continuously in one direction around a central island.

So-called “MODERN” roundabouts require ENTERING traffic to give way to traffic already in the circle and optimally observe various design rules to increase safety.

The correct ANSWER is (c) Prismoidal formula

To EXPLAIN I would say: QUANTITY or volume = L/6 (A1+A2+4Am).

Correct OPTION is (c) 1.77 BILLION

The explanation: This is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas. In 2011 about 2.5 billion people did not have access to a proper toilet and one billion resort to open defecation in their surroundings. Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan AFRICA have the poorest access to toilets. In developing countries the cost of a simple pit toilet is typically between 25 and 60 USD. Ongoing maintenance costs are between 1.5 and 4 USD per PERSON per year which are often not taken into consideration.

Right choice is (c) bottom of P trap W.C.

To explain: A vent is open at top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. It is carried at least one meter higher than the ROOF level. RAIN water pipe: it is a pipe which carries only the rain water. Anti-siphonage pipe: it is pipe which is installed in the house drainage to PRESERVE the water SEAL of traps.

Right answer is (d) Permanent way

To explain: The permanent way is the ELEMENTS of railway lines: generally the pairs of rails typically laid on the sleepers (“ties” in AMERICAN parlance) embedded in ballast, intended to carry the ordinary TRAINS of a railway. It is described as permanent way because in the earlier days of railway construction, contractors often laid a TEMPORARY track to transport spoil and materials about the site; when this work was substantially COMPLETED, the temporary track was taken up and the permanent way installed.

Correct CHOICE is (c) mandatory sign

For explanation: Mandatory signs are road signs which are USED to set the obligations of all traffic which use a specific area of road. Unlike prohibitory signs, mandatory signs tell traffic what it MUST do, rather than must not do. Most mandatory road signs are CIRCULAR, may use white symbols on a blue background with white border or black symbols on a white background with a red border, although the latter is also ASSOCIATED with prohibitory signs.

Correct choice is (a) 444 cu m

For EXPLANATION: Quantity of METAL (loose) = 1000 m*3.70m*12 CM = 1000*3.70*.12=444 cu m

Volume of loose metal gets reduced 1/3 on COMPACTION.

Correct ANSWER is (c) 3, 3.6

Explanation: WIDER lanes and shoulders are usually used on roads with higher speed and higher volume traffic, and significant numbers of trucks and other large vehicles. Narrower lanes may be used on roads with lower speed or lower volume traffic.

Narrow lanes cost less to build and maintain, but also reduce the capacity of a ROAD to convey traffic. On rural roads, narrow lanes are likely to experience higher rates of run-off-road and head-on collisions. Wider roads increase the time needed to walk across and increase STORM water runoff.

Right option is (b) 90 cm

Easy explanation: SOAK pit shall not be less than 90 cm in diameter and not less than 1.5 m in depth below invert level of the inlet pipe. The pit is constructed with lining of dry brick or stone with OPEN JOINTS backed with at LEAST 7.5 cm THICK coarse aggregate.

The correct option is (B) 150 mm

Easiest explanation: A sanitary sewer or “foul sewer” is an underground carriage system specifically for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings through pipes to treatment FACILITIES or DISPOSAL. Sanitary SEWERS are part of an overall system called a sewage system or sewerage.

Sewage may be treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry industrial wastewater.

The correct option is (B) False

The BEST EXPLANATION: Sanitary plumbing does not includes the installation of appliances such as DISHWASHERS and washing machines; the replacement or repair of taps, ball VALVES and plugs.

Right choice is (c) Continuous WELDED rail

To explain I would say: In this form of track, the rails are welded together by utilising flash butt WELDING to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres LONG. Because there are few joints, this form of track is very strong, gives a smooth RIDE, and needs less maintenance; trains can travel on it at higher speeds and with less friction. Welded rails are more expensive to lay than jointed tracks, but have much lower maintenance costs.

Correct OPTION is (b) 1

The BEST I can explain: In office building- 1 per persons, 2 per 21-45, 3 per 46-70 persons, 4 per 71-100. In cinema 1 for 25 persons or part thereof. In RESTAURANT 1 per 50 seats.

The correct option is (d) road

The best explanation: Roads consist of one or two roadways (British English: CARRIAGEWAYS), each with one or more LANES and any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road verges. In the Netherlands there is often a Protected Bicycle PATH provided for cycling.

Roads available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, HIGHWAYS, or primary, secondary, and tertiary LOCAL roads.

Correct option is (d) shelter

The best I can EXPLAIN: A shelter, shed, small building or “super-structure” HOUSES the squatting pan or toilet seat and provides PRIVACY and protection from the weather for the user. Ideally, the shelter or small building should have hand washing facilities available inside or on the outside (e.g. supplied with WATER from a rainwater harvesting tank on the roof of the shelter) although this is unfortunately rarely the case in practice. In the shelter, anal cleansing materials (e.g. toilet PAPER) and a solid waste bin should also be available. A more substantial structure may also be built, commonly known as an outhouse.

Correct option is (c) pit toilet

Easiest explanation: A pit latrine or pit toilet is a TYPE of toilet that collects human faeces in a hole in the ground. They USE either no water or one to three litres per FLUSH with pour-flush pit latrines. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human faeces in the environment from open DEFECATION. This DECREASES the transfer of pathogens between faeces and food by flies.

Right choice is (b) CORNICHE

Easiest EXPLANATION: A corniche is a road on the side of a cliff or mountain, with the ground rising on one side of the road and falling away on the other. The word COMES from the French ROUTE à corniche or “road on a ledge”.

Right choice is (a) Track ballast

Best explanation: It is packed between, below, and around the ties. It is USED to bear the load from the railroad ties, to facilitate DRAINAGE of WATER, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track structure. This also SERVES to hold the track in place as the trains roll by. It is typically made of crushed stone, although ballast has sometimes consisted of other, less suitable materials, for example burnt clay. The TERM “ballast” comes from a nautical term for the stones used to stabilize a ship.

Right choice is (a) S- trap

The best I can explain: In domestic APPLICATIONS, traps are typically U, S, Q or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing fixture. An S-shaped trap is also known as an S-bend. It was invented by ALEXANDER Cummings in 1775 but became known as the U-bend FOLLOWING the introduction of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880. The new U-bend could not jam, so, unlike the S-bend, it did not need an overflow. The most COMMON of these traps in houses is referred to as a P-trap. It is the addition of a 90 degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend, thereby creating a P-like SHAPE.

Correct OPTION is (c) 3 meters, 1 m

Easiest explanation: The World Health ORGANIZATION recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy ACCESS versus that of smell. The distance fromgroundwater and surface water should be as large as possible to decrease the risk of groundwater pollution. The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 cm (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in. LIGHT should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use.