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Iron and Steel industry is the basic pillar of modern industrial age. This industry is a ’ source of raw material for hundreds of other industries. Therefore, it is called as a basic industry. Industrial development cannot even be imagined without it. Therefore, it is also known as a pivot industry.

(d) Pittsburgh

Cardiff, Talbat, Flart-ford, Sheffield, Glasgow, Lancashire are major centres of iron and steel industry in Britain.

Correct Answer is : (b) Japan

Three methods which are used in modern iron-steel manufacturing are: 

1. Bessemer method 

2. The free furnace method 

3. Electric furnace method.

(a) Manchuria

Two modern tendencies emerging in cotton textile industry in present time are as given below: 

1. Due to competition with artificial fibre in this industry, negative tendency is being observed in it in various countries. 

2. Due to being less labour intensive, this industry is shifting towards lesser developed countries.

Natural silk is obtained from a substance derived from the saliva of the mulberry silkworm. This insect which walks on mulberry leaves wraps the sticky material oozed from its mouth around its body This worm is known as cocoon in such condition. Fully developed worms are boiled in water to separate the silk and it is coiled in the form of thread. After this, clothes are made from silk. 

So, there are three major phases in silk textile industry:

1. production moths. 

2. coiling silken threads from moths. 

3. weaving of silken clothes.

Three methods are used in modern iron and steel manufacturing activities. These are: 

1. Besemer process 

2. Free furnace method 

3. Electric furnace method

In order to make iron and steel, the ore is melted along with coke and limestone in the furnaces. When the molten iron comes out and cools down, it is called raw iron. Manganese is mixed in this raw iron and steel is made.

Textile industry is one of the oldest industries of the human race. It started in the form of cottage and small – scale industry, but at present, it has become a highly developed industry. Modern textile industry was started in the United Kingdom during Industrial Revolution. The cotton textile industry, woollen textile industry and the silk textile industry are included in this industry.

Correct Answer is : (b) Britain

Human economic activities can be divided into three major parts: 

1. Primary economic activities 

2. Secondary economic activities 

3. Teritiary economic activities.

Silk from China has been in developed form right since ancient time. In ancient time, Chinese silk was sent to European countries via land route. This route was called silk route by the historians. Shanghai, Kwangchow are major centres of silk in China.

Manufacturing industries refer to changing the raw material obtained from primary production, through a pre – determined and controlled process with the help of automatic tools using manual or mechanical power, into the goods with desired shape, size or specific characteristics. 

Following are the things inherent in the concept of manufacturing industries:

1. Manufacturing industry can be started at any level. From very simple goods to heavy and complex goods are included in manufacturing activities. 

2. Substances used in manufacturing industry include raw materials procured in natural form. 

3. They can also be modified products. For example, steel by which machines and parts are made.

The value of natural resources is increased by secondary business. Changing the form of raw-material obtained from nature makes them more valuable and useful. The secondary business is related to manufacturing industries of all types. In this economic ativities utility of goods increases and become more valuable.

For example, cotton is an agro-produced raw-material and has limited use, but when it takes the form of cotton yarn through manufacturing activities, it becomes more useful as well as valuable. Now, it is used to manufacture cloth. Naturally obtained minerals have no use at all but after refining and purifying them in the manufactuing industry, they become more valuable and more useful goods.

Trade and commerce are the tertiary economic activities of human.

Financial and banking services, insurance, communication, etc. are included in quaternary economic activities of human.

Major woollen clothes producing countries of the world are—Russia, China, Japan, Germany, India, USA, etc.

All those activities are included under secondary occupation, which processes to refining natural resources, changing their appearance and making them more useful. The value of natural resources increase through secondary economic activities.

Important centres of silk textile in China are Shanghai, Kwangchau.

Silk textile industry started in China as a cottage industry during Neolithic age.

Major Jute producing countries are India, Bangladesh, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Japan, Canada, USA, China and Thailand.

China, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh are chief jute product importers of the world.

Jute is used mainly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton and to make sacks and coarse cloth.