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CUSTOM DUTY...
IS A DIRECT EXPENS OF BUSINESS..

THEREFORE...

""DEBIT SIDE OF TRADING ACCOUNT....""

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The Present Value of an entity can be defined as the present worth of a prospective amount of money or a stream of cash flows with a specified return rate. The Present Value is conversely related to the discount rate. Thus, a higher discount rate implies a lower present value and vice versa. Accurate determination of cash flows is, therefore, the key to appropriately valuing future cash flows, be it earnings or obligations.

The calculation of the Present Value holds extreme importance in different financial calculations like Net Present Value, spot rates, bond yields, and pension obligations. The apposite definition for Present Value (PV) is given as the current value of one or higher future cash payments which are discounted at a reasonable interest rate.

Calculation (FORMULA)

Present Value = Future Cash Flow / (1 + Required Rate of Return)N

N – a number of YEARS you have to wait for the cash flow;

"Required Rate of Return" is named "discount rate".

"(1 + Required Rate of Return)N" is named "discounting factor".

Calculating the Present Value

Generally, there are three factors which influence the calculation of the Present Value:

The size of the cash flow

The future cash flow implies the size of the cash which is expected to be received. The future cash flow and the present value are related directly. A LARGER future cash flow implies a higher present value.

The risk involved in cash flow

With RISING uncertainty, the investor anticipating the receipt of a cash flow has to presume higher risk. This presumed level of high risk lowers the value that should be paid at present for the future cash flow. The “risk” involved is calculated by the rate of return which you MIGHT require from another investment aimed at generating cash flow with the same risk level.

The waiting period involved in cash flow

A longer waiting period lowers the value of cash flow. This reduction in the present value of a cash flow is accrued to two reasons –

a. The money which has been invested could be invested in some other project which would earn you interest during the years which you have been waiting.

b. If, in case, you are not sure about getting the expected cash flow , you will have to presume more risk with time passing by thereby lowering the value that would be paid by someone for that future cash flow

hey mate your answer is here..........

DRR is created out of profits of the COMPANY & is debited to the statement of P&L(which means profit is REDUCED). now at the time of redemption of debentures, DRR is transferred to GENERAL reserve to give effect to the earlier reduction in profit.

hope it will help you please MARK the answer as brainlist and don't forget to follow me for such type of answers........

The Present Value of an entity can be defined as the present worth of a prospective amount of money or a stream of cash flows with a specified return rate. The Present Value is conversely related to the discount rate. Thus, a higher discount rate implies a lower present value and vice versa. Accurate determination of cash flows is, therefore, the key to appropriately valuing future cash flows, be it earnings or obligations.

The calculation of the Present Value holds extreme IMPORTANCE in different financial calculations like Net Present Value, spot rates, bond yields, and pension obligations. The apposite definition for Present Value (PV) is given as the current value of one or higher future cash payments which are discounted at a reasonable interest rate.

Calculation (FORMULA)

Present Value = Future Cash Flow / (1 + REQUIRED Rate of Return)N

N – a number of years you have to wait for the cash flow;

"Required Rate of Return" is named "discount rate".

"(1 + Required Rate of Return)N" is named "discounting factor".

Calculating the Present Value

Generally, there are three factors which influence the calculation of the Present Value:

The size of the cash flow

The future cash flow implies the size of the cash which is expected to be received. The future cash flow and the present value are related directly. A larger future cash flow implies a higher present value.

The risk involved in cash flow

With rising uncertainty, the investor anticipating the RECEIPT of a cash flow has to presume higher risk. This presumed level of high risk lowers the value that should be paid at present for the future cash flow. The “risk” involved is calculated by the rate of return which you might require from another investment aimed at generating cash flow with the same risk level.

The waiting period involved in cash flow

A longer waiting period lowers the value of cash flow. This reduction in the present value of a cash flow is ACCRUED to two reasons –

a. The money which has been invested could be invested in some other project which would earn you interest during the years which you have been waiting.

b. If, in case, you are not sure about getting the expected cash flow , you will have to presume more risk with time passing by thereby lowering the value that would be paid by someone for that future cash flow

The last in, first out (LIFO) method is used to PLACE an ACCOUNTING value on inventory. The LIFO method operates under the assumption that the last item of inventory PURCHASED is the first one sold. ... The trouble with the LIFOscenario is that it is rarely ENCOUNTERED in practice.

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BANK GIVE US " FIXED DEPOSIT RECEIPT " AFTER THE COMPLETION OF F.D

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SI= (Principle AMOUNT× Intrest× TIME) ÷ 100

Hence, (5300 × 8 × 9/12) ÷100

The amount will be Rs. 318

Here is the ANSWER........

ineither as it is not a cashflow item but INCASE they WISH to highlight this transaction they can SHOW in both invest ok NG and FUNDING at same monetory value

The Present Value of an entity can be defined as the present worth of a prospective amount of money or a stream of CASH flows with a specified return rate. The Present Value is conversely related to the discount rate. Thus, a higher discount rate implies a lower present value and vice versa. Accurate DETERMINATION of cash flows is, THEREFORE, the key to appropriately valuing future cash flows, be it earnings or obligations.

The calculation of the Present Value holds extreme importance in different financial calculations like Net Present Value, spot rates, bond yields, and pension obligations. The apposite definition for Present Value (PV) is GIVEN as the current value of one or higher future cash PAYMENTS which are discounted at a reasonable interest rate.

Calculation (formula)

Present Value = Future Cash Flow / (1 + Required Rate of Return)N

N – a number of years you have to wait for the cash flow;

"Required Rate of Return" is named "discount rate".

"(1 + Required Rate of Return)N" is named "discounting factor".

Calculating the Present Value

Generally, there are three factors which influence the calculation of the Present Value:

The size of the cash flow

The future cash flow implies the size of the cash which is expected to be received. The future cash flow and the present value are related directly. A larger future cash flow implies a higher present value.

The risk involved in cash flow

With rising uncertainty, the investor anticipating the receipt of a cash flow has to presume higher risk. This presumed level of high risk lowers the value that should be paid at present for the future cash flow. The “risk” involved is calculated by the rate of return which you might require from another investment aimed at generating cash flow with the same risk level.

The waiting period involved in cash flow

A longer waiting period lowers the value of cash flow. This reduction in the present value of a cash flow is accrued to two reasons –

a. The money which has been invested could be invested in some other project which would earn you interest during the years which you have been waiting.

b. If, in case, you are not sure about getting the expected cash flow , you will have to presume more risk with time passing by thereby lowering the value that would be paid by someone for that future cash flow

HEY...
U SHALL BE GO TO WEBSITE :-

SLIDESHARE + ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ALL ADJUSTMENT IN FINAL ACCOUNT + PROJECT

IT HELPS YOU....

0.63 INDIAN RUPPE..........

HEY....

VINAY..........

PREPARE U R OWN PROJECT.......

IT IS BEST 4 U R STUDY......

HEY...

U SHOULD BE GO TO WEBSITE:+

SLIDESHARE + BENEFITS + REVENUE BUDGET + PROJECT.

IT HELPS U...

TRY IT...

In INVESTING ACTIVITY  Add

and

In OPERATING Activity LESS [because its a NON operating activity]

I don't KNOW wwwww2www

I don't KNOW soryyyyyyyyy

What is the QUESTION PLEASE WRITE in DETAILS

What is the QUESTION that is not PROPER question

A direct COST is a price that can be completely attributed to the PRODUCTION of specific goods or SERVICES. Some COSTS, such as depreciation or administrative expenses, are more difficult to ASSIGN to a specific product and therefore, are considered to be indirect costs.//this is your answer i think it may help you

There are DIFFERENCES BCZ SUGGESTED means ku6 rasta batana

Current ratio 2.5
Liquidity ratio 1.5
Net working CAPITAL ` 3,00,000
Fixed assets turnover ratio (on cost of sales) 2 times
Average debt COLLECTION PERIOD 2 months
Stock turnover ratio (cost of sales/closing stock) 6 times
Gross profit ratio 20%
Fixed assets/shareholders net worth 0.80
Reserve and surplus/capital 0.50
Draw up the balance sheet of the company XYZ LTD

An accounting system is a collection of processes, procedures and controls designed to COLLECT, record, classify and summarize financial data for interpretation and management decision-making. Computerized Accounting involves making use of computers and accounting software to record, store and analyze financial data.

Advantages :

(i) Faster Processing:Computers REQUIRE far LESS time than human beings in performing a particular task. Therefore, accounting data is processed faster using a computerized accounting system.

ii) Easy Availability of Information:The data can be made available to different users at the same time. This is called data sharing.

Disadvantages :

(i) Heavy Cost of Installation:

COMPUTER hardware needs replacing and software needs to be updated from time to time with the availability of newer versions.

(ii) System Failure:

The DANGER of a system crashing due to some failure in hardware can lead to subsequent loss of work. This occurs when no back-up is retained.

Desi nama in history is to similar Double ENTRY book keeping in present. This SYSTEM is only USED in INDIA before arriving of Double entry system and now this system is used in all over the world.

HIII.....

U R ANSWER....

U SHOULD B GO TO WEBSITE..

↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓

SLIDSHARE + TYPE OF ACCOUNTS RELATED WITH GOODS + PROJECT.

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Hey there,

1) It is necessary to revalue assets and reassess liabilities at the time of admission of new partners as if assets and liabilities are overstated or UNDERSTATED in the books then its BENEFITS or loss should not affect the NEAR partner.

2) To identify all the rights and obligations of the old company and determine the value to be PAID from the new partner to form a new company.

Hence, i hope this helps if u like it give it a thumbs up, if u DONT let me know what was the problem about!

Many SMALL businesses start out tracking their revenues and EXPENSES with a manual ledger system or a spreadsheet. As a business grows, however, this becomes an onerous task with the increased volume of TRANSACTIONS. It ALSO increases the chances of manual errors. Fortunately, many accounting software programs on the market can handle transactions for businesses of all sizes. These programs have many ADVANTAGES over a manual bookkeeping system.

Definition: The amount of cash or cash-equivalent which the company receives or gives out by the way of payment(s) to creditors is known as cash flow. Cash flow ANALYSIS is often used to analyse the liquidity position of the company. It gives a snapshot of the amount of cash coming into the business, from where, and amount flowing out.

Description: As discussed cash flows can either be positive or negative. It is calculated by subtracting the cash balance at the beginning of a period which is also known as opening balance, form the cash balance at the end of the period (COULD be a month, quarter or a year) or the closing balance.

If the difference is positive, it means you have more cash at the end of a given period. If the difference is negative it means that you have less amount of cash at the end of a given period when compared with the opening balance at the starting of a period.

To analyse where the cash is coming from and going out, cash flow statements are prepared. It has three MAIN categories – operating cash flow which includes day-to-day transactions, investing cash flow which includes transactions which are done for expansion purpose, and financing cash flow which include transactions relating to the amount of dividend paid out to stockholders.

However, the level of cash flow is not an ideal metric to analyse a company when making an INVESTMENT decision. A Company’s balance sheet as well as income statements should be studied carefully to come to a conclusion.

Cash level might be increasing for a company because it might have sold some of its assets, but that doesn’t mean the liquidity is improving. If the company has sold off some of its assets to pay off debt then this is a negative sign and should be investigated further for more clarification.

If the company is not reinvesting cash then this is also a negative sign because in that case it is not using the opportunity to DIVERSIFY or build business for expansion.

HEY....
@JADHAVARCHANA...

♣ ASSET IN OUR FAMILY

→ CAR
→ BUILDING
→ LAPTOP
→ LAND
→ INVESTMENT
→ FURNITURE
→ MACHINARY

ETC.

DOCUMENTS :-

SEARCH IT ON GOOGLE.:-

DOCUMENTS + USRD IN FAMILY.

IT REALLY HELPS YOU...

Certified Public Accountant is the title of qualified ACCOUNTANTS in NUMEROUS countries in the English-speaking WORLD. In the UNITED STATES, the CPA is a license to provide accounting services to the public. It is awarded by each of the 50 states for practice in that state

The amount of phantom or illusoryprofit is the difference between theprofit reported using historical COST—as REQUIRED by GENERALLY accepted ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES (GAAP)and theprofit that would have been reported if replacement cost had been used.

Raj has received three months post dated cheque of 2000 deposited in the bank on the same DAY.

PDC issued/received are based on financial statement as a commitment. There should be No Entry.

It is also not liable for cheque issued as demandable and due with action.

MEMO ASSET and Memo Liability entry did "off" books. It systems allows the one-sided entry under Items

Monetary policy INVOLVES the influence on the level and composition of aggregate demand by the manipulation of interest rates and the availability of credit”-D.C. Aston.

Monetary policy implies those measures designed to ENSURE an efficient operation of the economic system or set of specific objectives through its influence on the supply, cost and availability of money.
The concept of monetary policy has been defined in a different MANNER ACCORDING to different economists;
R.P. Kent has defined the monetary policy as “The management of the expansion and contraction of the volume of money in circulation for the EXPLICIT purpose of attaining a specific objective such as full employment.”