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Answer:

Explanation:-

The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India COMPANY in India until 1859. ACCORDING to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, it would have its princely status abolished (and THEREFORE be annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir".[1] The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor.[citation needed] In addition, the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its applications were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate.

The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. However, it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1847 and several smaller states had already been annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General.[citation needed] Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him.

Some other prominent states that became victims were Satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, and Nagpur.

Contents

1 History

2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie

3 See also

4 References

History

At the time of its adoption, the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and Jhansi (1854), Tore and Arcot (1855) and Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) under the TERMS of the doctrine of lapse. Oudh (1856) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of misgovernance. Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine.[2] Udaipur State, however, would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860.[3]

With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]

The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a 'doctrine of lapse'. So it is debatable whether it was DEVISED by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, though he arguably made it official by documenting it. Dalhousie's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India.

Answer:

Explanation:

DALHOUSIE had declared that "the extinction of all native states of India is just a question of time". The ostensible reason for this policy was his belief that British administration was far superior to the corrupt and oppressive administration of the native rulers.

The underlying motive of Dalhousie’s policy was the expansion of British exports to India.

Dalhousie, in common with other aggressive imperialists, believed that British exports to the native states of India were suffering because of the maladministration of these states by their Indian rulers.

Doctrine of Lapse

The chief instrument through which Lord Dalhousie implemented his policy of ANNEXATION was the ‘Doctrine of Lapse.’

Under the Doctrine of Lapse, when the ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, his/her state was not to pass to an adopted heir as sanctioned by the age-old tradition of the country. Instead, it was to be annexed to the British dominions unless the adoption had been clearly approved earlier by the British authorities.

Many states, including Satara in 1848 and Nagpur and Jhansi in 1854, were annexed by applying this doctrine.

Dalhousie also refused to recognize the titles of many ex-rulers or to pay their pensions. Thus, the titles of the Nawabs of Carnatic and of Surat and the Raja of Tanjore were extinguished.

After the DEATH of the ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II, who had been made the Raja of Bithur, Dalhousie refused to extend his pay or PENSION to his adopted son, Nana Saheb.

Lord Dalhousie was KEEN on annexing the kingdom of Avadh. But the task presented certain difficulties. For one, the Nawabs of Avadh had been British allies since the Battle of Buxer. Moreover, they had been most obedient to the British over the years.

The Nawab of Avadh had many heirs and could not therefore be covered by the Doctrine of Lapse. Some other pretext had to be found for depriving him of his dominions.

Lord Dalhousie hit upon the idea of alleviating the plight of the people of Avadh. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was accused of having misgoverned his state and of refusing to introduce reforms. His state was therefore annexed in 1856.

Undoubtedly, the degeneration of the administration of Avadh was a painful reality for its people.

The Nawabs of Avadh, like other princes of the day, were selfish rulers absorbed in self-indulgence who cared little for good administration for the welfare of the people. However, the responsibility for this state of affairs was in part that of the British who had at least since, 1801 controlled and indirectly governed Avadh.

Answer:

(i) Adoption of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens.

(ii) The declaration upheld the equality of all before law; eligibility of all for public OFFICES; freedom of speech and expression.

(iii) It denied special privileges to the nobles and clergy and stressed that the burden of taxation must be borne by all without distinction.

(iv) Church was nationalised and people were guaranteed RELIGIOUS freedom.

(v) The new Constitution provided for CONSTITUTIONAL monarchy and separation of powers between the legislature, executive and judiciary.

(vi) Jury system was introduced for CRIMINAL cases

Function of national assembly during the time of 1789 to 1791.

.....➡️on 20 June 1789 the members of third estates assembled in the town hall and declared themselves a National Assembly to draft the constitution of France ...

On 4 August 1789 the assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal privileges ......And feudal system

The national assembly completed the drafting of constitution in 1789 and this constitution limits the power of the king and guaranteed the basics rights of the citizen ....

EXPLANATION:

Recreational TOURISM: Tourism is an often activity for recreational purpose. ...

ENVIRONMENTAL tourism: ...

Historical tourism: ...

ETHNIC tourism: ...

Cultural tourism: ...

ADVENTURE tourism: ...

Health tourism: ...

Religious tourism:

Answer:

Yes, research is much CONCERNED with proper fact finding, analysis, and evaluation. The need to solve problems, assume NEW DISCOVERIES, improve science and technology, as well as to add to the EXISTING generalized body of knowledge, calls for ADEQUATE scientific research.

Explanation:

Advertising helps to KEEP the CONSUMERS informed about whatever new products or services are available in the market at their disposal. It helps to spread awareness about products or services that are of some use to consumer and potential BUYERS. The main aim of advertising, MANY BELIEVE is to sell.

Answer:

(i) Many SAW the world through NAZI eyes, and spoke their mind in Nazi language.

(ii)They felt hatred and anger surge inside them when they saw someone who looked like a Jew.

(iii) But not every German was a Nazi.Many organised active resistance to Nazism, braving POLICE recession and death.

(iv)The large majority of Germans, however were PASSIVE ONLOOKERS and apathetic onlookers.

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ANSWER:

christaan huygens

Explanation:

HOPE it is HELPFUL

MARK BRILLIANT

Answer:

because he MADE PEOPLE's to ABOLISH child marriage and he then made himself father of REST India.

Answer: The answer is (D) bringing the 1988 Democratic National Convention to Atlanta.

Explanation: I just COMPLETED this question in USATESTPREP & it SHOWED the correct answer was (D).

ANSWER:

means

Explanation:

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Answer:

Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form and give some money as security deposit. Recently, a new system of declaration has been introduced on direction from the Supreme Court. Every candidate has to MAKE a legal declaration, giving full details of:

Serious CRIMINAL CASES pending against the candidate

Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family

Educational qualifications of the candidate.

Explanation:

This information has to be MADE public. This PROVIDES an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the information provided by the candidates. Educational qualifications are not necessary for the candidates.

A) convinced Congress to become active in the war B) developed technologies to INCREASE military power ELIMINATE C) organized STRIKES and supported better PAY for workers D) worked for more defense spending and built up the military.

SRI LANKA IS YOUR ANSWER.

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Answer:

The French Revolution lasted roughly 10 YEARS, BEGINNING in 1789 and ending in 1799. The French Revolution ENDED in 1799 with a coup of militry by Napoleon BONAPARTE, as he established himself as France's first consul. The victory of Napoleon over the supposed conquerors re-established the military prowess of France.

Great BATH, ancient structure at Mohenjo-daro, PAKISTAN, an archaeological site featuring ruins of the INDUS civilization. The Great Bath dates to the 3rd millennium bce and is believed to have been USED for RITUAL bathing.

Answer:

the ACTION of turning an activity into a CRIMINAL OFFENCE by MAKING it illegal.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Collective identity refers to a person's sense of belonging to a group. The identity of the group, or the 'collective,' BECOMES a part of the person's individual identity. The IDEA here is that by PARTICIPATING in social activities, a person can DEVELOP a sense of belonging and an identity that goes BEYOND the person.

ANSWER:

INSCRIPTION, rock_edict and PURAN

Answer:

AURANGZEB' s DECCAN policy was to ANNEX the region of South INDIA.

ANSWER:

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ANSWER:

GIUSEPPE Mazzini

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The INDUS River Valley Civilization, ALSO known as Harappan civilization, developed the first ACCURATE system of standardized WEIGHTS and MEASURES, some as accurate as to 1.6 mm. Harappans created sculpture, seals, pottery, and jewelry from materials, such as terracotta, metal, and stone.

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Answer:

Capitalism encourages INNOVATION and INDIVIDUAL goals while Socialism promotes equality and fairness among society. In the socialist ECONOMY, the resources are state-owned but in the case of the capitalist economy, the means of production are privately owned.

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Explanation:

salt satyagraha is ORGANISED by GANDHI on 13 thapril

it started at sabarmatHi asanam to DANDI

it is a MASS movement

there is no violence incient anywhere

it is also implementation in tamil nadu

it was DONE by. rajaji

ANSWER:

I don't have any IMP.......

(i) Print POPULARISED the ideas of enlightened THINKERS, the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely. They made a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. It OPENED the EYES of the readers, made them question, be critical and rational.

(ii) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were revalued and discussed by a public that had BECOME aware of the power of reason. New ideas of social revolution came into being.

(iii) By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature, that mocked royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order. It led to hostile sentiments against the monarchy. Thus, the print culture created the conditions in which the French Revolution occurred.

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ANSWER:

Explanation:-

DONT know in hindi

he Napoleonic Code (FRENCH: Code Napoléon; officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804.[1]

It was drafted by a commission of FOUR eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.[2] The Code, with its stress on clearly written and ACCESSIBLE law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal LAWS. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.[2]

The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil-law legal system; it was preceded by the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis (Bavaria, 1756), the Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia, 1794), and the West Galician Code (Galicia, then part of Austria, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars.[2] The Napoleonic Code influenced developing countries outside Europe, especially in Latin America and the Middle East, attem

Answer:

After the first WORLD war ended, the ottoman Turkey was defeated.

There were rumours about a harsh treaty about to be imposed on the khilafat.

Hence, to oppose this treaty, khilafat khilafat committee was formed in March 1919.

The TWO LEADERS of khilafat agitation were Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.

The khilafat committee was formed with these leaders in Bombay.

It had a demand to defend the khilafat's temporal powers.

With this, Gandhiji started a more broad based MOVEMENT called the non cooperation movement, which was started in January 1921.

The causes of the non cooperation movement included khilafat issue, rowlatt act and the Jallianwala Bagh incident.

MANY autonomous women's organisations STARTED to take up issues related to women like dowry, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, and discrimination at the work place, sexual EXPLOITATION, crime and violence against women.

ANSWER:

i don't KNOW the answer.......

ANSWER:

General Elections (Lok Sabha)

MEMBERS of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the LOWER house of India'sParliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult CITIZENS of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency.

Explanation:

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Answer:

Energy is the most important requirement for the GROWTH of an economy.

All the sectors of the economy require some level of energy.

The PROMOTION of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the TWO important CONCEPTS of Sustainable energy.

For example, the most simple thing a citizen of the country can do is switch off the electricity when not in use, use public transport instead of an individual VEHICLE and switch to unconventional sources of energy.

Explanation:

potato was FIRST domesticated in a REGION of modern day southern peru and north western bolivia between 8000 and 5000 BC .

it has since spread AROUND the world and has become staple crop in many countries.

Species - s - tuberosum

family - solanaceae

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because it was CAPTURED by OTTOMAN TURKS

ANSWER:

PLEASE MARK as BRANLIEST

ANSWER:

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Explanation:

The inland RIVERINE port of India is KERELA PORT TRUST.

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Answer:

Role of election commission

The role of election commission is to keep an eye of the work of authorities mostly while ELECTIONS are going on or to be go on..

Role of political parties and its CANDIDATE

Political parties plays a VITAL role.

The candidates who are in the party act as a public messengers in the parliament by discussing their problems or internets...

Role of VOTERS

Voters also plays a crucial role in forming government. They elect their representatives ny GIVING them vote to run the government pf a nation.....

Answer:

Xuan yang is the CHINESE pilgrim who VISITED india

Answer:

As a LITERARY TERM colonialism GENERALLY refers to literature ASSOCIATED with the period of European colonial expansion, which reached its zenith in the late 19th, and early 20th centuries. ... Post-colonialism refers to the literature that emerged after the European POWERS began to decolonize their overseas territories.

Nepoleon was a military dictator who conquered France. In 1804, he crowded himself as the emperor of France. He SET out to conquer many countries and dispossessing army where he placed his family members. He SAW himself as a modernizer of EUROPE. He introduced many laws such as protection of private property and a uniform system of weights, REINTRODUCTION to slavery and measures provided by the decimal system. Many people saw him as a liberator who would bring freedom for all. But soon the Nepolic armies were viewed everywhere as an invading force. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.............

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EXPLANATION:

INDIAN textile were made buy cotton SINCE they were RENOWNED all over the world

The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in US history. It began in 1929 and did not ABATE until the end of the 1930s.

The stock market crash of OCTOBER 1929 signaled the BEGINNING of the Great Depression. By 1933, unemployment was at 25 percent and more than 5,000 banks had GONE out of business.

Although President Herbert Hoover attempted to spark growth in the economy through measures like the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, these measures did little to solve the crisis.

Franklin Roosevelt was elected president in November 1932. Inaugurated as president in March 1933, Roosevelt’s New Deal offered a new approach to the Great Depression.

The controversy around Indian education in the 1820s-1830s PROVIDES FASCINATING INSIGHT into ... and Thomas Babington Macaulay, WRITTEN in JANUARY 1835 at the height of the debate.
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ANSWER:

The Chitrakathi is the name of an OCCUPATIONAL caste whose TRADITIONAL livelihood was to narrate stories AIDED with pictures sojourning VARIOUS places.

1) René DESCARTES..

2) Voltaire..

3) LEOPOLD VON Ranke..

4) Karl MARX..

What do U MEAN.............

EXPLANATION:

ANSWER:

For The PEOPLE, Of The people, BY The people

ANSWER:

On an AVERAGE 6 months

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