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To MAKE the COUNTRY DEMOCRATIC

Originally Constitution provided for seven Fundamental RIGHTS viz.

Right to equality (Article 14-18)Right to freedom (Article 19-22)Right against exploitation (Article 23-24)Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25-28)Cultural & educational rights (Articles 29-30)Right to Property (Article 31)Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32).Right to Privacy

But, Right to property was removed from the list of the Fundamental Rights by the 44thConstitution Amendment Act, 1978 and after amendment, it was made legal right under Article 300-A in part-12 of the Constitution.

At present there are only six Fundamental rights, six fundamental rights are described below in brief.

Right to Equality (Articles 14-18):

Article 14 (Equality before law):

Article 14 says that state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.Art. 14 is available to any person including legal persons viz. statutory corporation, companies, etc.Art. 14 is taken from the concept of equal protection of laws has been taken from the Constitution of USA.The concept of the rule of law is a negative concept while the concept of equal protection of laws is a positive concept.The concept of equality before the lawis equivalent to the second element of the concept of the ‘rule of law’ propounded by A.D. dicey, the British jurist. But certain exceptions to it are, the president of India, state governors, Public servants, Judges, Foreign diplomats, etc., who enjoy immunities, protections, and special privileges.

Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, SEX or place of birth):

Article 15 says that the state shall not discriminate against only of religion, race, sex, place of birth or any of them.Under Article 15 (3) & (4), the government can make special provisions for women & children and for a group of citizens who are economically and socially backward.

Article 16 (Equality of opportunities in matters of public employment):

Article 16 says that there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.

Article 17 (Abolition of Untouchability):Article 17 says that Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offense punishable by law.

Article 18 (Abolition of titles):

Article 18 says that no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign state.The awards, Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhuhan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, called as The National Awards would not amount to title within the meaning of Article 18(i).

Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22):

Article 19 (Protection of certain rights REGARDING freedom of speech, etc.):
Article 19 says that all citizens shall have the right

to freedom of speech and expression.To assemble PEACEFULLY and without arms.To form associations or unions.To move freely throughout the territory of India.To practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Article 20 (Protection in respect of conviction for offenses):
Article 20 says that state can impose reasonable restrictions on the groups of security of the state, friendly relations with foreign STATES, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, etc.
Article 21 deals with Protection of life and personal liberty.
Article 21A states that that state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6-14 years.
Article 22 deals with protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24):

Article 23 deals with the prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor.
Article 24 deals with prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

Free- means that all those entitled to vote have the right to be REGISTERED and to vote and must be free to make their choice. 

Fair -means that all registered political parties have an EQUAL right to contest the elections, campaign for VOTER support and HOLD meetings and RALLIES

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The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. It was resented by the Dutch-speaking community, who got the benefit of economic DEVELOPMENT and education MUCH later.
The social disparity between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950S and 1960s led to tensions between them. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem, the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital .


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Main Points of Distinction between the State and Associati.

 State is the Sovereign organisation. Associations are Non-sovereign organsiations of people:

State possesses sovereignty. It has supreme POWER over the people. It can USE force for securing compliance of the people to its laws and policies. All persons and GROUPS LIVING in the territory of a State ACCEPT the sovereignty of the State and obey its laws.

On 29 August 1947, the Constituent ASSEMBLY SET up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar to PREPARE a draft CONSTITUTION for India.

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The Governor of BIHAR is a nominal head and representative of the President of India in the state of Bihar. The Governor is appointed by the President for a TERM of 5 years. Satya PAL MALIK is the current governor of Bihar.

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Dipak MISHRA is the CHIEF JUSTICE of our country .
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The parliamentary form of Government is not a good day at work today so I'm going to be in a bit of a new phone number and I'll be to the today and it is a little more than anything in the middle of the African COUNTRIES in the middle of the African countries in the middle of the African countries in the middle of the African countries in the middle of the African countries that you can GET the and you know how you been to you too I love it and then you have any other time to do that again please let me go and get some TONIGHT at work now but it will get better for you to be a good night and it will get a hold on to it as much time on your phone number is this a lot of fun and GAMES for it but it's not a problem with that one day I was just a little bit of a new phone number and I'll get you a call when I was going to be in

Tommie C. Smith (born June 6, 1944)[2] is an American former track & field athlete and wide receiver in the American Football League. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Smith, aged 24, won the 200-meter sprintfinals and gold medal in 19.83 seconds – the first time the 20-second barrier was broken legally. His Black Power salute with John Carlos atop the medal podium to protest the harsh and sometimes deadly DISCRIMINATION against African-Americans because of their SKIN color in the United States caused controversy, as it was seen as politicizing the Olympic Games. It remains a symbolic moment in the history of the Black Power movement.

Tommie Smith

John Carlos and Tommie Smith (center) at the 200 m award ceremony of the 1968 Olympics, wearing black gloves, black socks and no shoes

Personal informationBornJune 6, 1944 (age 74)
Clarksville, Texas, United StatesHeight6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight185 lb (84 kg)SportSportSprint runningClubSanta Clara Valley Youth VillageAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)100 y – 9.3 (1967)
100 – 10.1 (1966)
200 – 19.83 (1968)
220y – 19.5s (1966)
400 – 44.5 (1967)[1]

Medal record

Representing the  United StatesOlympic Games1968 MEXICO City200 mUniversiade1967 Tokyo200 m1967 Tokyo100 m

Tommie SmithNo. 24Position:Wide receiverPersonal informationHeight:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight:190 lb (86 kg)Career informationHigh school:Lemoore (CA)College:San Jose StateNFL Draft:1967 / Round: 9 / PICK: 226Career historyCincinnati Bengals (1969)Career NFL statisticsPlayer stats at NFL.comPlayer stats at PFR

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Rigging are the ropes and chains used for supporting a ships sails and masts. Rigging can also be the ACT of organizing SOMETHING in a dishonest way in ORDER to PRODUCE a particular result.

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Technology is an essential part of our lives today and few can imagine living without. We achieved a lot with the help of technology, for example we have the POSSIBILITY to travel, KEEP in touch with FRIENDS on the other side of the earth and cure many illnesses. It means more freedom and choices for people but at the same time we have to consider the social IMBALANCE, weapons of mass destruction and natural resource depletion. Jane Godall asks for a reason: “We are the most intelligent SPECIES walking on earth, how it comes we destroy on what we depend?” What has achieved so far is irrevocable, but we can still determine where it goes in the future.

Constitution is Set of Rules & Regulations used to govern the democratic Nation.

In single line, Constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom.

On date, Constitution of India has 448 Articles (in 25 Parts) & 12 Schedules. Under this Articles, Constitution of India has provided us Fundamental Rights, Duties, Reservation and many more things.

Constitution has mentioned the Powers of Parliament & State Legislature to frame a law, also Procedure of Elections, Functions & Power of all the executives from President to Member of Gram Panchayat is already predefined in Constitution.

What we see around us like Police System, Judiciary System, Government Offices their duties… In democracy everything works as per the Constitution.

When Government frame a new law it also get added into Constitution of India similarly some time Government amends some laws which are already existed in Constitution of India.

Indian constitution has divided the Indian Democracy into following 3 pillars:-

Legislature- i.e. Parliament & State Legislature

Executive- Council of Minister with PM at Center & Council of Minister with CM at State.

Judiciary- SUPREME Court, High Court, District Courts & Subordinate Courts.

How Indian constitution allow India to Function?

Legislature will make the Laws,

Executive Implement & Executive the laws framed by Legislature.

Judiciary interprets the law

India has adopted democracy with a secular constitution, one of the finest in the world, to manage its affairs internally and internationally.

It has helped India in building a diverse, united, progressive, prosperous and secular nation following INDEPENDENCE in 1947.

It is built on equality, fraternity and freedom with secular approach sidelining caste, creed and religion.

Farsightedness of our leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Ambedkar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, etc. contributed greatly in foundation of powerful and great India.

Any other approach, say dictatorship or theocracy ( mixing of religion), is seen inappropriate in a CIVILISED world. Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, North Korea, Myanmar, Cuba, Ecuador, etc. are such examples.

Such nations do not command respect of international community. Nepal, till recently a Hindu nation, too adopted a secular approach.

It is world’s largest democracy with a fine secular constitution. Let us preserve it
All the laws evolve from the Constitution ,in order to make our Constitution effective, the drafting COMMITTEE headed by B.R Ambedkar sat for 2 years 11 months 18 days to complete the Constitution and finally on 26th Nov 1949 it was adopted …we have the lengthiest Constitution in the world ..

Well as I mentioned we need to know about our rights first which are protected by the Constitution …


A2A.

Preamble to the Constitution of India.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Constitution of India was framed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. It was mostly borrowed from other Constitutions. Dr. Ambedkar had admitted that the borrowed points

Were not “slavish imitations” but adoption of time-tested constitutional principles like the “Rule of Law” or “Equality before Law” to serve the interests of the people.

The role of Indian Constitution is to protect democracy. Maintain unity, harmony and integrity of the country.

Indian Constitution is superior to all the laws of the country. Every law enacted by the government has to be in conformity with the Constitution.

The basic structure of Indian governance, the executive, the legislation a decision the judiciary are formed by the Constitution. The Constitution defines the power and responsibility of each.

The Constitution sets up a balance between the Government the different organs governing India and the people of India.

The rights and duties of the citizens of India are laid down by the Constitution.

The Constitution is not rigid and has been amended more than 100 times. The Constitution has not been drafted in a lucid language and it is too lengthy. This helps the lawyers find loopholes in it.

It is PLAY very important ROLE because he gives news from ONE to another PLACE

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Edourad Phillipe is the PRIME MINISTER of FRANCE

The role of CASTE in the INDIAN political system can be SPECIFICALLY DISCUSSED as under:

(1) Caste Factor in Political Socialisation and Leadership Recruitment:

Different caste groups have their loyalties behind different political parties and their IDEOLOGIES. Right from his birth, an Indian citizen inherits a caste and grows up as a member of a particular caste group.

Central Government or lokhasabha which is the LOWER HOUSE of parliament.
State Government or Rajyasabha which is TH upper house of the parliament

Political SUBJECT are INCLUDED in STATE list and congruent list.

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The SYSTEM of panchayat RAJ works at TALUKA level

Mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation.

A city, TOWN, town, or region that has been joined by a STATE and is approved to direct neighborhood, administrative undertakings, e.g. to set up the police force. A municipal partnership is MADE by a state's council which additionally controls, inter alias, its term, rights, and powers. Additionally called a district.

A Municipal Corporation, City Corporation, Mahanagar Palika, Mahanagar Nigam or Nagar Nigam is a LOCAL government in India that regulates urban ranges with a POPULATION of more than one million.

The main FEDERAL features of the Indian Constitution are as follows:

Written Constitution:

Supremacy of the Constitution:

RIGID Constitution:

Division of Powers:

Independent JUDICIARY:

Bicameral Legislature:

Dual GOVERNMENT Polity:

The second state was Andhra Pradesh, while Maharashtra was the Ninth state. State governments during the 1950S and 60s adopted this SYSTEM as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. It ALSO founded backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the IDEA.

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The constitution makers WANTED to be so precise about the distribution of powers between the governments, that after providing for the three lists, they provided for residuary subjects. Matters which are not INCLUDED in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects and the right to make LAWS on these subjects is called residuary power. The central government (the Parliament) has been given rights to legislate on these subjects.Example of residuary subjects are software, hardware, etc.

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The reasons of sustainability is very simple let it be if we will use RESOURCE in a very LARGE then the FUTURE generation will not be ABLE to use the good resources and they will face many and many problems that's why we should use the resource in a limited over we should not misuse of it resource which are very CHIEF

Surface currents are generated largely by wind. Their patterns are determined by wind direction, Coriolis forces from the Earth's rotation, and the POSITION of LANDFORMS that interact with the currents. ... Currents MAY also be generated by density differences in water masses caused by temperature and SALINITY variations.

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Here the independent JUDICIARY and economic provided link between pre and POST independent institutional framework to study Indian politics.

It provides first class SUPPORT and solution to move forward in the FINE manner it provides BASES for balance to the societal and also for the government sphere.

And as result it has pre articulated demand of independence experience in a fine manner.

Article 29 of the Indian constitution is for PROTECTION of INTEREST of MINORITIES.

The Legislative Council in a STATE can be CREATED or disbanded by the : PARLIAMENT on recommendation of the State can be created or disbanded byLegislatureParliament on recommendation of the State Legislature

As federalism has two or more levels of governments it has dual objectives.
(i) to safeguard and promote unity of the COUNTRY.
(ii) and to ACCOMMODATE regional diversity.
These two aspects are crucial for the institution and practice of federalism. The government at different levels should agree to some rules of POWER sharing.
They should ALSO trust that each would abide by its part of agreement.
Hence, an ideal federal system has both aspects i.e., • Mutual trust and • Agreement to LIVE together

Brabari democracymeaning

Economic justice is a COMPONENT of social justice. It is a SET of moral PRINCIPLES for building economicinstitutions, the ULTIMATE goal of which is to create an opportunity for each person to create a sufficient material foundation UPON which to have a dignified, productive, and creative life.

1.formation of constituencies
2.filling of nominations
3.checking of NOMINATION papers
4.withdrawal of nominations
5.election campaign
6.polling
7.counting and DECLARATION of RESULTS

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if other control legislature they will create law that MAY be not GOOD to execute ,some time it will be become tough

Originally Constitution provided for seven Fundamental Rights viz.

Right to equality (Article 14-18)Right to freedom (Article 19-22)Right against exploitation (Article 23-24)Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25-28)Cultural & educational rights (Articles 29-30)Right to Property (Article 31)Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32).Right to Privacy

But, Right to property was removed from the list of the Fundamental Rights by the 44thConstitution Amendment Act, 1978 and after amendment, it was made legal right under Article 300-A in part-12 of the Constitution.

At present there are only six Fundamental rights, six fundamental rights are described below in brief.

Right to Equality (Articles 14-18):

Article 14 (Equality before law):

Article 14 says that state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.Art. 14 is available to any person including legal persons viz. statutory corporation, companies, etc.Art. 14 is taken from the concept of equal protection of laws has been taken from the Constitution of USA.The concept of the rule of law is a negative concept while the concept of equal protection of laws is a positive concept.The concept of equality before the lawis EQUIVALENT to the second element of the concept of the ‘rule of law’ propounded by A.D. dicey, the British jurist. But certain exceptions to it are, the president of India, state governors, Public servants, Judges, Foreign diplomats, etc., who enjoy immunities, protections, and special privileges.

Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth):

Article 15 says that the state shall not discriminate against only of religion, race, sex, place of birth or any of them.Under Article 15 (3) & (4), the government can make special provisions for women & children and for a group of citizens who are economically and socially backward.

Article 16 (Equality of opportunities in matters of public employment):

Article 16 says that there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.

Article 17 (Abolition of Untouchability):Article 17 says that Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offense punishable by law.

Article 18 (Abolition of titles):

Article 18 says that no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign state.The awards, Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhuhan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, called as The NATIONAL Awards would not amount to title within the meaning of Article 18(i).

Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22):

Article 19 (Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.):
Article 19 says that all citizens shall have the right

to freedom of speech and expression.To assemble peacefully and without arms.To form associations or unions.To move freely throughout the territory of India.To practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Article 20 (Protection in RESPECT of conviction for offenses):
Article 20 says that state can impose reasonable RESTRICTIONS on the groups of security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, etc.
Article 21 deals with Protection of life and personal liberty.
Article 21A states that that state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6-14 years.
Article 22 deals with protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24):

Article 23 deals with the prohibition of traffic in human BEINGS and forced labor.
Article 24 deals with prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

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COALITION government...

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As we know the INDIAN Constituent Assembly was much bigger.There were APPROXIMATELY 299 members in the assembly in which 284 out of 299 members AFFIXED their SIGNATURE to the constitution and signed the final document.
And then the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January, 1950.


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Ministry nameEstablishedMinister responsibleMinister rank[a]Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare1947Radha MOHAN SinghCabinetMinistry of AYUSH9 November 2014Shripad Yasso NaikMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers5 June 1991Ananth KumarCabinetMinistry of Civil AviationSuresh PrabhuCabinetMinistry of CoalPiyush GoyalCabinetMinistry of Commerce and Industry15 August 1947Suresh PrabhuCabinetMinistry of Communications19 July 2016Manoj SinhaMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public DistributionRam Vilas PaswanCabinetMinistry of Corporate AffairsArun JaitleyCabinetMinistry of CultureMahesh SharmaMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of Defence15 August 1947Nirmala SitharamanCabinetMinistry for Development of North EASTERN Region31 May 2009Jitendra SinghMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of DRINKING Water and Sanitation2011Uma BhartiCabinetMinistry of Earth Sciences2006Harsh VardhanCabinetMinistry of Electronics and Information Technology19 July 2016Ravi Shankar PrasadCabinetMinistry of ENVIRONMENT, Forests and Climate Change1985Harsh VardhanMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of External Affairs2 September 1946Sushma SwarajCabinetMinistry of Finance29 October 1946Arun JaitleyCabinetMinistry of Food Processing Industries1988Harsimrat Kaur BadalCabinetMinistry of Health and Family Welfare15 August 1947Jagat Prakash NaddaCabinetMinistry of Heavy Industries and Public EnterprisesAnant GeeteCabinetMinistry of Home Affairs15 August 1947Rajnath SinghCabinetMinistry of Housing and Urban POVERTY Alleviation27 May 2004Hardeep Singh PuriCabinetMinistry of Human Resource Development15 August 1947Prakash JavadekarCabinetMinistry of Information and Broadcasting15 August 1947Rajyavardhan Singh RathoreMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of Labour and EmploymentSantosh GangwarMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of Law and Justice15 August 1947Ravi Shankar PrasadCabinetMinistry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises9 May 2007Giriraj SinghCabinetMinistry of MinesPiyush GoyalCabinet MinisterMinistry of Minority Affairs2006Mukhtar Abbas NaqviCabinet MinisterMinistry of New and Renewable Energy1992R. K. SinghMinister of State (Independent Charge)Ministry of Panchayati Raj27 May 2004Narendra Singh TomarCabinetMinistry of Parliamentary Affairs1949Ananth KumarCabinetMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions1 August 1970Narendra ModiPrime Minister of India(Additional Charge)Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasDharmendra PradhanCabinet MinisterMinistry of PlanningRao Inderjit SinghMinister of State (Independent Charge

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