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When social change is conditioned by human decisions, efforts, plans and programmers to bring about definite results, it is called “planned social change”.

(i) Ethically neutral

(ii) geographical

(iii) biological

(iv) planned

(d) Matter related to sovereignty

(d) Capitation fee at time of admission

Yes, I think people do not accept change easily. Customs and traditions which are embedded in society do not allow people to accept new ideas and acts as an obstacle to social change. Sometimes lack of motivation or interest also causes hindrance to social change. Even though social change is universal, there are more often some quarters of resistance to change.

The physical environment has also been adversely affected by human behaviour in the name of development. In this era of global warming and climate change, everyone is striving towards a clean and safe India. The campaign of clean India, i.e., the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is the biggest step taken over as a cleanliness drive and has a huge possible impact on society.

This statement is True.

1. The physical environment has been adversely affected by human behaviour, in the name of ‘development’. 

2. The effects of industrial pollution on the environment and the consequent effects such as global warming, melting of solar caps etc., are examples of the physical environment. 

3. Hence, there is a need for conscious efforts to promote ‘sustainable development for all’. To solve the problem created by physical environment

Auguste Comte has given us a theory of three stages of human thought.

The two factors of social change are:

(i) Geographic factors 

(ii) Technological factors.

Huntington, Lombroso, Le Play and others were known as great social geographers.

Modernization is a process in which the characteristics and lifestyles of the more advanced societies are acquired by the people of less advanced societies.

The two effects of technology are:

(i) Technology has led to industrialization and urbanization 

(ii) Technology has led to technological unemployment.

According to Horton and Hunt:

“Technology is the use of scientific discoveries to solve practical problems”.

The term “evolution” is borrowed from the biological science to sociology. Herbert Spencer, a British sociologist, made evolution a “universal principle” in his book “First Principles”. He replaced the term “organic evolution” by “social evolution” in sociology. Whereas the term “organic evolution” is used to denote the evolution of organism, the expression “social evolution” is used to explain the evolution of human society. Here the term implies the evolution of man’s social relations. It was hoped that the theory of social evolution would explain the origin and development of man’s social life and his society.

The concept of Social Evolution as Popularized By Herbert Spencer. It was Herbert Spencer, who made the concepts of evolution and social evolution the central concepts in his sociological theories. Spencer, who adopted the concept of Evolution spoke in terms of the four main principles of social evolution. 

They are as follows:-

(i) Social evolution is but the cultural aspect of the law of cosmic evolution.

(ii) Social evolution takes place in the same way in which cosmic evolution takes places.

(iii) Social evolution is gradual and Social evolution is progressive.

The term “change” and “evolution”, though interrelated are not one and the same. Main differences between them are mentioned below:

The two characteristics of social change are:

(i) Social change is universal 

(ii) Complex phenomenon 

(iii) Social change is change in community 

(iv) Social change is continuous and temporal

According to M. E. Jones:

"Social change is a term used to describe variations in our modification of, any aspect of social process social patterns, social interactions or social organization". 

According to Samuel Koenig:

“Social change refers to modification which occurs in the life patterns of people”.

(d) Denotes a time sequence – Temporal.

(i) Biological factor

(ii) Economic factor

(iii) Technological factor

(iv) Socio-Cultural factor

(v) Interactional factor

(vi) Long-term change

(vii) Planned change

(viii) Demography

Social change is amoral.

Increase in school fees may further result in higher ‘drop out’.

1. A single factor may trigger a particular change, but it is almost associated with other factors like physical, biological, technological, cultural, social, economic, which may together bring about a social change.

2. This is due to mutual interdependence of social phenomenon. 

Example : A huge increase in school fees will have an impact on student enrolment. It may further result in higher dropouts especially for the girl child from the system of school. Increase in school fees is an economic factor which may give rise to social factor like problems of girls dropout.

Technological factor of social change:

1. Today, as we live in a digitalized world, we have been increasingly loaded with technology from our homes to our workplace.

2. Technological changes have affected our social, economic, religious, political, and cultural life. 

3. Technological development creates new conditions of life and new conditions for adaptation. It continues to be an index of the overall progress of society.

Example : During the British period in India, systems of transportation and communication were laid. These may have served the needs of colonizers then, but we still continue to benefit from the systems.

Dysfunctional of social system: 

1. The social system may become dysfunctional at times. 

2. Hence, human beings have to make conscious efforts to help bring stability, balance and equilibrium in society.

Example : Emile Durkheim makes reference to anomic suicide where there is a state of normlessness or chaos, which can trigger off suicidal feelings that makes the social system dysfunctional.

Change in performance of social roles of individuals is also social change:

1. The social system comprises of social institutions like education, government, economy, etc., they regulate human contact, allocate roles and provide resources. 

2. Social change also refers to change in performance of social roles of individuals according to changing times.

Example : In today’s Information Age, the role of a teacher in school is radically different than it was during the early Vedic period. There was marked differences in terms of the size of the school, learners, content of education, educational philosophy, methods of teaching and evaluation, etc.

This statement is True.

1. Sometimes people are not open to change as they are too comfortable within their life. 

2. Sometimes people don’t perceive the need to change prejudice or attitude towards a change also becomes obstacles. 

3. Fear of unknown leads people to avoid difference. Hence, prejudice and fear of unknown is an obstacle to social change.

Social changes take place over time.

This statement is False.

1. The concept of social change involves a transition in society from one state to another through time. The change depends upon complex factors. Hence social change cannot be predicted accurately. 

2. Social change is not instant; it takes place over time. There is no inherent law of social change. 

3. The forces of social change may not remain the same and the process of social change does not remain uniform.

The term evolution is emerged from the Latin word ‘Evolvere’ which means to unfold or to ‘develop’.

Charles Darwin is the author of the book ‘the origin of species’.

Herbert Spencer introduced the term evolution.

The term “evolution” is borrowed from the biological science to sociology. Herbert Spencer, a British sociologist, made evolution a “universal principle” in his book “First Principles”. He replaced the term “organic evolution” by “social evolution” in sociology. Whereas the term “organic evolution” is used to denote the evolution of organism, the expression “social evolution” is used to explain the evolution of human society. Here the term implies the evolution of man’s social relations. It was hoped that the theory of social evolution would explain the origin and development of man’s social life and his society.

The concept of Social Evolution as Popularized By Herbert Spencer: It was Herbert Spencer, who made the concepts of evolution and social evolution the central concepts in his sociological theories. Spencer, who adopted the concept of Evolution spoke in terms of the four main principles of social evolution. They are as follows.

(i) Social evolution is but the cultural aspect of the law of cosmic evolution. 

(ii) Social evolution takes place in the same way in which cosmic evolution takes places Social evolution is gradual and 

(iii) Social evolution is progressive. 

(iv) Social Development

The term development like evolution is not used in a precise manner in our sociological literature. In ordinary usage “development” means “a gradual unfolding” a fuller working out of the details of anything the growth of what is in the germ and so on. It implies expansion maturity and advancement. It denotes qualitative changes whether they are positive or negative.

The concept of social development is generally used by people to mean the development of society, its improvement or advancements. It is also used to mean the generally economic development of the society. It denotes an arrangements within society to make provision for a more equal distribution of income and wealth within the various sections of the society. It also reflects a state of affair that ensures the moral development of people.

According to Horton and Hunt:

“Technology is the use of scientific discoveries to solve practical problems”.

Use of machines and technological tools are common in modem society. Scientific development and approach towards making life more convenient, help the growth of society Ogburn and Nimkoff remark that the Most novel phenomena in society is not capitalism but Mechanization. 

The role of technology can be discovered in the following ways:

Transport and communication: After 18th century, we see big changes in society due to industrialization, communication and transportation. Such development took place only because of growth in technology. As a result now modem technology has changed the joint family system and its relationships. Communication skills, transportation methods changed to such extent that today human world is called as “Global Village”.

Growth of classes: Industrialization leads to growth of urbanization. Industrialization brought opportunities for new professions. Youths are provided new jobs. Along with it new “Class” system developed in society. Society is classified as upper middle and lower class.

Agriculture: Changes in the agricultural technology directly influenced rural community. Invention of new agricultural tools and techniques, chemical manures brought increase in agricultural production which influenced standard of living in village.

Urbanization: In many Countries the growth of Industries has contributed to the growth of cities or urbanization. Urbanization denotes a diffusion of the influence of Urban centers to a Rural Hinterland.

Modernization: Technology has led to modernization “Modernization” is a process which indicates the adoption of the modem ways of life and values. It indicates a change in peoples food habits, dress habits, speaking styles, tastes, choices, preferences, ideas and etc.

Family Planning, Birthrate.

Caste, religion, race, gender, region, and others are the basic elements of coexistence.

Example : Linear Change – Primitive society moving towards a state of industrialism. Multilinear Change – Cultural diversity. Cyclical Change – Styles of dressing or hairstyling which were popular few generations ago have become popular today.

Social change is a change in social structure and social relationship of society. Auguste Comte has given us a theory of three stages of human thought. Society change is a continuous process. Sometimes changes proceed from one stage to another in a single direction known as linear change. It may also be a multi-linear change, that is, changes can take place in several different directions at the same time. Then again, the change may be cyclical, that is, human society goes through certain cycle.

Example : Giving up social evils like dowry, early marriage or domestic violence. Eradicating strongly embedded customs and practices take decades to get rid of.

Social changes that may take years or decades to produce results are long – term changes. Significant social changes having long-term effects include the industrial revolution, the abolition of slavery etc. social movements play important role in creating awareness and inspiring discontented members of a society to bring about social change.

1. Nature

2. guidance

3. Darwin

(i) Physical factor

(ii) Educational factor

(b) Fundamentalism – Socio – cultural factor

Joint families are now undergoing significant changes is an example of structural changes.