Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) 20th

(ii) Information

(iii) Japan

(iv) education

(v) primitive

Family is broadly classified into two forms based on its structure.

Joint family : Joint family consists of two or more generations living under the same roof and sharing a common kitchen. Joint family is considered as a very strong feature and backbone of rural society in India. Joint family is sometimes called extended family.

Nuclear family : Nuclear family consists of two generations, parents and their children. Nuclear families are commonly seen in urban areas.

The forms of marriage exist on the basis of the number of partners and rules governing who can marry whom. On the basis of the number of partners, two major forms of marriage are observed.

Monogamy : Monogamy denotes marriage to one spouse at a time. Monogamy is the most familiar pattern of marriage for most of us. It is more popular and accepted form of marriage. Many societies have laws to uphold this practice.

Polygamy : Polygamy denotes marriage to more than one partner at a given time. Polygamy exists in two different forms: 

1. Polyandry : It is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time. Extreme poverty may be one of the reasons for the practice of polyandry where a single man cannot support a wife and children adequately. 

2. Polygyny : It is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time. Polygyny can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources and to tactically manipulate kin ties. On the basis of rules governing who can marry whom, two major forms of marriage are observed:

1. Endogamy denotes marriage within a culturally defined group, (e.g. caste, sect, tribe). 

2. Exogamy, on the other hand, denotes marriage outside individual’s own group e.g. Gotra.

On the basis of status, two major forms of marriage are observed. Marriages usually take place between partners having similar social status.

Hypergamy : In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social group or a woman marries ‘up’ which elevates her position in society. 

Hypogamy : In hypogamy a man marries ‘up’ or marries a woman of a higher social status group. This type of marriage offers a man from lower rank an entry into the higher rank. In 1989, Denmark became the first country to formally recognise homosexual marriages.

This statement is True. 

1. It involves a learning process to gain knowledge and skills not just to survive but to live life more meaningfully. 

2. Modern societies have evolved a distinct institution of education to fulfil basic goals

• To create and disseminate ideas and knowledge. 
• To develop skills to use existing knowledge for the betterment of society.

3. Education is thus a broad process of learning that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons and develops the skills to choose, evaluate and add to existing knowledge which leads to actualization of potentials of an individual.

This statement is False. 

1. Just as industrialization organised and centralized work under one roof called factories, computer technology is allowing for decentralization of work. 

2. Laptops, mobiles and accessibility of new information technology can turn any space into a virtual office. 

3. The Information Revolution demands a new set of individual skills such as the ability to communicate, to write, to present and use computer technology.

Scholars like Bowles and Gintis argue that workplace inequalities are mirrored in the organisation of schools and that the education system reproduces these inequalities.

Schools are usually organised in such a way that students perceived to be destined for lower levels of work are expected to follow rules and are given simple, repetitive tasks, while for those students destined for higher level tasks, there is an emphasis on independent thinking and working. Schools routinely design curriculum according to the social background of students. We go to different kinds of schools depending upon our socio-economic background and we acquire different kinds of privileges and opportunities.

Many studies have pointed out that education as a system also perpetuates gender differences. For instance, preference for a boy’s schooling over a girl’s, or high school drop out rate among girls, or soft subject choices for girls, displays gender difference through education.

1. Endogamy denotes marriage within a culturally defined group. Example : caste, sect, tribe 

2. Exogamy denotes marriage outside individual’s own group. Example : Gotra, Pravara, Sapinda

One of the main features of modern societies is an enormous expansion of economic interdependence. Today the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology. We all are dependent on large number of workers from all over the world for the s. goods and services we consume. In a globalised economy work is decentralised. It is the growing competition between firms and countries that makes it essential to keep production flexible. This means creation of a global chain of production in which different activities of the production take place in different parts of the world.

For example, raw material may be processed in one country, where it is cheaper and the product may be marketed for consumption in a totally different country. Transnational corporation like Coca- Cola, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak, General Motors play a crucial role in creating a flexible economy which operation across the globe.

One illustration of the global commodity chain can be found in the manufacturing of the most popular Barbie doll. The first doll was made in Japan in 1959 when wages were low, as wages rose in Japan, Barbie moved to other low wage countries in Asia. Ethylene needed for Barbies plastic body is created in Saudi Arabia. Ethylene is converted to PVC pellets which are shipped to factories in China, Malaysia and Indonesia where actual moulding of the body takes place. Barbies gets her nylon hair from Japan and cotton dresses are made in China.

Barbie is designed in United States where most of the profits are made . But only physical aspects of Barbie that is made in USA is her cardboard packaging along with some of the paints and oils that are used to decorate the doll.

1. In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social status group or a woman marries a man of higher social group which elevates her position in society. Example : Anuloma practiced within varna system. 

2. In hypogamy a man marries a woman of a higher social status group. This type of marriage offers a man from lower rank an entry into the higher rank. Example : Prahiloma practiced in varna system.

This statement is False. 

1. Economic interdependence is one of the main features of modern societies. In modern societies the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology. 

2. It is dependent on an immense number of workers – stretching all across the world – for the goods and services. 

3. Industrial production was centralized. Workers were stationed at fixed positions. Globalized economy work is decentralized hence interdependent.

This statement is False.

1. The conflict perspective holds that all individuals are not placed equally in society. The distribution of privileges and opportunities is skewed and mostly in favour of the affluent section of society.

2. Social institutions, from this perspective, contributes to social divisions and inequalities. 

3. They operate in the interest of the dominant sections of society.

This statement is True.

1. The Supreme Court of India on September 6, 2018 decriminalised section 377 of the I. P. C. and allowed gay relation among consenting adults in private. 

2. The SC ruled out that consensual adult gay sex is not a crime saying that such sexual orientation is natural and people have no control over it.

Family system has undergone some change in the late 20th century due to variety of reasons including the need for some members to move from village to city, or from one city to another for employment opportunities. Indian family has to be well prepared for growing challenges to face the changing societal norms to overcome several sociopsychological problems.

This statement is False. 

1. Education as a system also perpetrates gender differences 

2. Although the ‘gender gap’ in education has narrowed, it still remains as a challenge : for equal access to educational opportunities. 

3. Gender difference is evident enough when we consider issues like, preference for a boy’s schooling over a girl’s or high school drop out rate among girls, or soft subject choices for girls.