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The causes for Labour Movement are as follows:

(a) Interest of labourers: Generally industrialists concentrate on their profit rather than workers and their welfare. Labours are exploited by way of giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities, dismissal from service, etc.

(b) Negligence towards employees: The matters concerning to labourers were decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests of labourers were neglected.

(c) To get facilities: As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain, they need to have a leisure, proper facilities like potable water, cafeteria, toilet rooms, rest rooms, creaches. medical requirements etc., for both men and women.

(d) Welfare programs: The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and well-being of the workers. They need some benefits like bonus, allowances, loans, insurance, free quarters, transport and education facilities, pension, family pension, etc.

(e) Plight of workers of unorganized sectors: Anganawadi workers, agricultural labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still fighting for their rights. The above all reasons leads to the Labor Movements.

The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows:

(a) Inequality: It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property rights.

(b) The evils of dowry: The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and women in society which leads to rape and other heinous crimes.

(c) Denial of human rights: The atrocities on women have denied the human rights and other. rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others.

(d) Social strata based on gender: Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their atrocities on women.

(e) Sexual abuse and molestation: Irrespective of age. time and place, sexual harassment and molestation is on in present context in all walks of life.

(f) Domestic violence: Women are exploiting by’ their husbands in the families for various reasons continuously. They became the victims for all the reasons day by day. 

Hence for the above all reasons women organize themselves and start agitation.

The workers who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or industry are called labourers.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar lead the mass in the entry of Kalaram temple.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started the news paper “Mooka Naika’.

There were 4 varnas prevailed in vedic period.

It conduct the enquiries whenever the human rights are violated.

It enquire the cases relating to the violation of human rights in any part of the countn with the help of judiciary.

(a) S.V. Dhange. 

(b) C.P. Dutt are the two communist leaders of India.

(a) Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. 

(b) Employees Bonus Act of 1965 are the two Labour Acts.

To meet the demands of labourers and to provide benefits, the government has taken certain constitutional measures. They are:

(a) Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy directs State Governments to adopt socialist measures like equal pay for equal work for both men and women, to provide leave facilities for pregnant women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The concurrent list empowers the governments to legislate on the workers welfare.

(b) The Government of India enforced certain laws for the improvement of labourers. The Labour Laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract basis. Workmen Compensation Act of 1923. Salary Payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holidays Act of 1942. Minimum Wages Act of 1948. Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952. Bonus Act of 1965 are the other law7s implemented for the benefit of labourers.

Political implications: Feminist movement tries to overcome women exploitation and atrocities. 

In this behalf various measures have been taken for the empowerment of women as follows:

(a) Constitutional opportunities: Article 14. 15. 15(3), 16, 34(A), 39(B) and 42 of the Constitution of India provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination based on gender.

(b) Legislative measures: Some legislative measures have been taken to eradicate gender based inequality. For example, Rape is a criminal offence under IPC Section 376. kidnapping and using women for illegal purpose is an offence under TPC Section 363- 373. Torture for dowry is prohibited under IPC Section 498-A.

(c) Other legislative measures: Family Court Act 1954. Special Marriage Act 1954. Hindu .Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961. Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child Marriage Act 2006 have been enforced . to protect the interests of women.

(d) Special privileges for women: National Women Commission was established in 1992 to recommend the government for the improvements of women.

(e) Reservation in local bodies: Through 73ld and 74’h Constitutional Amendment Acts, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Body Elections.

(f) National policy of the women empowerment: Department of Women and Child Welfare under the Secretariat of Human Resource Development framed a National Policy for the empowerment of women.

Article 14 and 15 narrates the eradication of gender based inequality.

The basic profession of peasants is agriculture.

The dalits are called Adi Andhra in Andhra Pradesh and Adi Dravida in Tamilnadu.

(a) Social injustice 

(b) Economic inequality

Matters related to environment protections are inserted through 421,d Constitutional Amendment in Part IV of the Constitution. The Government of India established the National Committee for Environmental Planning. 

Following are some of the measures to control the pollution and save the environment.

(a) Ganga Water Cleaning Plan: Sri M.C. Mehta, Environmentalist filed an affidavit in Supreme Court with regard to cleaning of the ganga water. The committee appointed by the Union Government recommended to establish a processing unit to clean the drainage water near the river and to stop throwing dead bodies to the river and suggested to construct 28 crematoriums.

(b) Committee Report: Sri S.K. Ghosh and R.C. Trivedi conducted a study on the factors responsible for the pollution in and around Taj Mahal. It submitted its report stating that suitable measures are to be taken to protect the Taj Mahal.

5 of June is celebrated as the ‘World Environment Daw.

The concept emphasized by Jyothibha Phule was “Akshara Kranthi’.

Jyothibha Phule started “Aakshara Kranthi.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha in 1924.

Adi Karnataka. Adi Dravida, Adi Andhra. Adi Jambhava, Adi Mahar are the other names of for dalits.

Dalits are those who are economically, socially, educationally, culturally exploited.

Sayyaji Rao Gaikwad of Gwalior was the first one to introduce reservation to backward classes.

The President is authorized to appoint the National Backward Classes Commission.

Legislative provisions in the constitution for Dalits are: 

(a) As per Article 14, there should be equality before law. 

(b) As per Article 15(1) and (2) there should be no discrimination on the basis of caste. 

(c) As per Article 15(4) special provisions have been provided to the weaker sections. 

(d) As per Article 16 equal opportunities have been provided in public employment and reservation in appointment and promotion. 

(e) As per Article 17 untouchability has been prohibited. 

(f) As per Article 38 the state shall strive to promote welfare of the people minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities. 

(g) As per Article 39(a) the state shall direct its police towards securing right to adequate means of livelihood. 

(h) As per Article 46 there shall be no social injustice and exploitation on SC ST community. 

(i) As per Article 243D and 243T reservation has been provided for SC’s and STs in local body elections. 

(j) As per Article 332 reservation has been provided for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India provides reservation in public employment for backward classes.

Part-IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy.

The State Human Rights Commission was set up in 2005.

The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows:

The Deputy Commissioner is authorised to look into the details of exploitation of children.

The Child Help Line register the complaints in matters relating to child labour, child abuse, encouraging begging and others.