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The two personalities to lead the Arya Samaj after Swami Dayanand Saraswati were: 

1. Lala Hansraj 

2. Mahatma Munshi Ram.

1. Stress on truth of Vedas 

2. Doing yajanas and chanting mantras according to Vedic method 

3. Stress on accepting truth 

4. Opposing old faiths, idolatry and incarnationism

Swami Dayanand Saraswati’s early name was Moolshankar.

In order to improve the condition of women, the Arya Samaj condemned child marriage and pardah system and encouraged education and widow marriage. It said that women like men have the right to study the Vedas.

Three principles of the Brahmo Samaj: 

1. God is one. 

2. Soul is immortal. 

3. Prayer is necessary for spritual elevation.

When he was 14, he went to a Shiva temple along with his father on the occasion of Shivaratri festival. There he saw a mouse riding the idol of Shiva and eating the prasad. This incident made him lose faith in idol- worship.

Satyarth Prakash.

Swami Vivekanand established Ramakrishna Math in Taranagar in 1887 and another at Belur in 1897.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Aiya Samaj, shouldered the great responsibility of reforming society and religion. He devoted his whole life to the cause of removing evils of the Hindu society and religion. He had a great reverence for the ancient Indian religion, civilization and culture. He established a beautiful coordination of reformative and ancient trends in his ideas.

A famous thinker, Romain Rolland had said that Swamiji worked in India like the hero of Gita, Shri Krishna. He established Aiya Samaj in Bombay (Mumbai) on April 10, 1879 and made it a platform to give a practical shape to his reforms in the Hindu society. Swami Dayanand had criticised the caste system based on birth and was deadly opposed to idol worship, pilgrimage, untouchability, religious superstitions ancient orthodox beliefs. He condemned child marriage, purdah system and stressed on widow marriage and women education.

He was also for Swaraj. He was the first person to use the word Swaraj. His main aim was political freedom. He was a true nationalist. He was the first person to accept Hindi as a national language. He told that there may be any number of evils in Swaraj (self-rule), foreign rule may have any number of virtues, but Swaraj is better than foreign rule.

Thus, Swami Dayanand Saraswati introduced many social, religious, and political reforms in the society.

After the death of Swami Dayanand the Arya Samaj was split into two groups: 

1. One group was headed by Lala Hansraj who favoured western education. Many schools and colleges were established at various places by his efforts and they are still running as DAV schools and colleges. 

2. The second group was headed by Mahatma Munshi Ram who was in favour of ancient system of education, so he established Gurukuls.

Swami Vivekanand was born in a rich family in Calcutta in 1863. His real name was Narendra Nath Datta.

He was well-versed in wrestling, boxing, swimming, horse-riding, etc. He passed B.A with distinction. In his young age, he was influenced by western ideas like other educated Indian youths and suspected his own religion.

In order to understand his own religion he was attracted towards Brahma Samaj, but he was not at peace. In November, 1887 he met Ramakrishna Paramhansa at Dakshineshwar and all his doubts were cleared. He became follower of Paramhansa and his name was changed from Narendra Nath to Swami Vivekanand. His first mission was to make acceptable to the youths his own interpretation of religion. To re-establish reverence for the Hindu religion was his second mission and his third mission was to develop a feeling of self-dignity among Indians. He fulfilled all his three missions, in a short span of 39 years. The interpretation of his new religion was,“Dharma is the development of inherent godliness in man. Religion is neither in the books nor in religious principles. It is there only in feelings. It is an extremely natural element of life.”

In 1893 he attended the Chicago “Sarv Dharma Sammelan” and by his address he made the audience spell bound. A newspaper in New York had written about his address. “In this Parliament of religions, Vivekanand is the greatest person. After listening to his address, suddenly the question arises as how foolish it is to send religious preachers to such a knowledgeable country.” This is how Swami Vivekanand elevated the Hindu religion. He worked through the Ramakrishana Mathas for organising Ramakrishna Mission which however came into existence in 1909 after his death. This mission is now doing important tasks of preaching education, medical treatment and helping the victims of famines, floods, earthquakes and sufferers of communicable diseases.

Swami Vivekanand was in favour of education, revival of women status and economic progress. He condemned conservatism, superstition, poverty and illiteracy. He was against untouchability and did not agree to Varna distinctions based on birth. He worked for public welfare.

Besides he contributed towards building nationalism. He told, “Weakness is sin, it is death and fear is the greatest disease.” His most inspiring words for the Indians, “I along with my body is Indian, whole of India is my body. Himalaya is my head; east and west are my arms and by extending them, I embrace the brethern of my own country.”

Prominent reform movements of the 19th century are: 

1. Brahmo Samaj 

2. Aiya Samaj 

3. Ramakrishna Mission 

4. Prathna Samaj in Maharashtra

Factors responsible for the reform movements:

1. Energence of Evils in the Indian Society: Till the beginning of the 19th century, many evils had developed in’ the Indian society. Afraid of these social evils the people had started drifting away from the Hindu religion. The social and religious life of Indians had reached the peak of degradation and the whole country was feeling under the darkness of superstitions and conservatism. 

2. Propagation of Christianity: The Hindus realised that the Christian missionaries were propagating Christianity and if that was allowed to be continued, the existence of the Hindu society would be in danger. 

3. Spread of English Education and Literature: The progressive Indian intellectuals became familiar with the western literature and they were imbibed with the feeling of patriotism. Wilkinson, an European, translated Gita in 1785. Karl Brook published an authentic description of Vedas in 1805. Max Muller and Schelegal highlighted the gloiy of the Vedas and the upanishadas. These literary works developed in the Indians the spirit of reverence for their own culture as well as sense of self dignity.

4. Renaissance in the 19th century: It sent a wave of fresh energy among Indians and motivated them to establish an advanced, progressive and glorious society. 

5. Birth and Rise of the prominent reformers in the 19th century: Prominent among these reformers were Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Ramakrishna Paranihansa and Swami Vivekanand. They brought to light the prevalent evils and superstitions in the Indian society. They gave a message to build a progressive, strong and glorious nation. They gave lead to the Hindu society to introduce reforms in the society and the religion. Thus, the above mentioned factors have been responsible for ameliorating evils prevailing in India.

As Swami Vivekanand became the follower of Paramhansa, his name was changed from Narendra Nath Dutta to Swami Vivekanand. He, as a part of his mission, took up the tasks of presenting such a description of religion that may be acceptable to the people of new age, re-establishing the reverence of the Hindus towards Hindu religion and developing a feeling of self-dignity among Indians. Swamiji fulfilled his mission in his short span of 39 years.

Correct Answer is : 1829 AD.

Correct Answer is: (a) Chicago

(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

He was bom in Tankara district in Morbi region’of Gujarat.

(b) Moolshankar

He was born on 12 January, 1863.

(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

(d) Aacharya Tuls

(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on 22nd May, 1772.

Aacharya Tulsi was born in Ladnu, district Nagaur of Rajasthan on Kartik Shukla Dvitiya Vikram Samwat 1971. His father’s name was Jhoomarmal Khated (Oswal) and mother’s name was Vadnay. When he was of 11 years, he took Deeksha from the hands of Kalugani Ashtamacharya of Terapanth. He became the Sanghachaiya of Terapanth at the age of 22 years. He took many revolutionary steps through the medium of Sangh.

1. Preksha Dhyan 

2. Jeevan Vigyan and 

3. Anuvrata Aandolan are three main steps.

This commitment to give a new direction to Independent India he made on 1 March 1949 in presence of 10 thousand listeners at Sandar Shahan (Churu). This revolt of him called as Anuvrat Vichar Kranti. It was in the context of Navsanchar and under it, he expressed the importance of Anuvrata to awake people towards their duties and a call was made through the reading of rules and vratas of Anuvrata. He explained 75 rules. He compared these small rules with Anu (Atom) and gave its usefulness. Just after the speech 71 people took pledge to become Anuvrati.

These vratas apply on every common people of society whether doctors, engineers, students, advocates, politicians, industrialists, teachers, traders, * etc. because motive of these was to perform duties according to their work truely in behaviour. Aacharya Tulsi died on 23 June 1997.

It is code of conduct of Anuvrata:

1. I will not kill any innocent living being. 

(a) I will not commit suicide. 

(b) I will not commit foeticide. 

2. I will not attack. 

(a) not favour any aggressive policies. 

(b) Support to keep peace in world and disarmament. 

3. I will not take part in any violent activities. , 

4. I will believe in unity of humanity. . Not discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, colour as high and low. Not believe in untouchability. 

5. I will give respect to all religions equally and keep religious tolerance. (a) Not spread communal aggression. 

6. I will be certified in field of business and trade. I will not make loss of others for my profit. 

7. I will keep the limit of Brahmachaiya and Sangrah. 

8. I will not behave immorally in relations of elections. 

9. I will not give shelter to social evils. 

10.I will lead an addiction-free life.

(a) Not use drugs like wine or liquor, ganja, charas, heroin, bhang, tobacco, etc.

11.I shall be aware of environmental problem. 

Not cut green trees

(a) Not do extravagance of water and electricity To follow these properly, Anuvratas is compulsory for an Anuvrati. In whole nation Anuvrat Samities are working for its spread and preach. There are lots of Anuvraties who are actively spreading morality, peace, co-existence, and brotherhood in the country.

The Aiya Samaj embodied a spirit of intense partriotism. It remained in forefront of national movement and produced leaders of eminence. He taught use of swadeshi and boycotted foreign goods. He said Swarajya is better than foreign rule, though it has evils. His dream was to unite India socially, religiously and nationally. His motive was “Go back to Vedas”.

Anu means small and Vrat means Niyam law (niyam), so the meaning of Anuvrat is small laws of morality.

Shuddhi movement was a movement started by Dayanand Saraswati by which the non-Hindus and untouchables could be converted back to Hinduism who adopted some other religion due to any reason by making them Shuddh with vedic sacramental rituals.

(a) Swami Vivekanand

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the first social reformer of modern India, was born on 22nd May, 1772 in Radha Nagar of Hoogly district of Bengal. He had knowledge of Arabian, Sanskrit, Persian, Bengali, Latin, Greek, Hebrew languages. He had great impact of Western thought on him. He was against orthodoxy, religious rites and rituals that existed in Hindu religion. He gave message to remove them. He was against the Sati pratha, casteism, etc.

By watching the wife of his elder brother who followed the Sati pratha, he was very sad. With the help of Lord William Bentinck, the British Governor General, a law against Sati pratha was formed and passed in 1829. According to this law Sati pratha was illegal. He was against child marriage, polygamy, untouchability, liquor, etc. He was in favour of western education in India’s Schools and Hindu Colleges also. He published Samvad Kaumudi in Bengal, Miratual newspaper in Persian and a Brahamnical magazine in English. He breathed his last in Bristol city of England in 1833.

After his death, Brahmo Samaj was divided into two parts :

1. Adi Brahmo Samaj by Devendra Nath Tagore and 

2. Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj by Keshav Chandra Sen.

Important teachings of Raja Ram Mohan Roy/Brahmo Samaj:

1. God is one, he is the creator of universe, observer, eternal (Anadi) and formless. 

2. Worship of God should be done spiritually without any discrimination. 

3. Moksha, Mukti or Salvation can be achieved by confessing sins and discarding evil attitude. 

4. Soul is immortal. It is responsible or accountable to God. 

5. All are equal before God. He accepts the prayers of all equally. 

6. Prayers are must for spiritual progress. 

7. Everyone must believe in the principles of work. 

8. All the people must have belief in truth.

Correct Answer is: (a) 1772 AD

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was considered the father of Indian Nationalism. His political reform movement was considered the early Indian National Congress. He was in favour of Western education. By studying it, Indians came across the philosophy of Europe and a feeling of Nationalism arose in them. The Brahmo Samaj opened a new era for the Indian people by proclaiming the principles of Individual freedom and national unity. Solidarity and Democratization were the first principles emphazized by Ram Mohan Ray who organized expressions of the national awakening.