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The definition of colonialism is the act of one nation controlling another for economic gain.

An example of colonialism was England’s control over India.

Recycling is the practice of reusing items that would otherwise be discarded as waste. Variations of recycling include upcycling, which involves adding value to an item for reuse, and downcycling, which involves breaking down an item or substance into its component elements to reuse anything that can be salvaged.

Recycling involves collecting, processing and selling products made from old materials. For example, a recycled plastic soda bottle is chipped, melted and made into fiber, which becomes a jacket or sleeping bag stuffing.

what is constitution

what is our constitution

The major nutrients that are in our food:

Minerals

Water

Vitamins

Fat

Protein

Carbohydrates

Major nutrients in our food includes

★ Carbohydrates★ Fat★ Protein★ Vitamin★ Minerals★ Water

The major nutrients in our food are: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

minerals vitaminsfat proteincarbohydrates water are the essential types of nutients

Taxation of salt has occurred in India since the earliest times. However, this tax was greatly increased when the British East India Company began to establish its rule over provinces in India. In 1835, special taxes were imposed on Indian salt to facilitate its import.

It was anactof nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India to producesaltfrom seawater, as it had been practised by the Indian people. The British officials deemed such production illegal and forced the people to buy it at expensive rates

It was anactof nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India to producesaltfrom seawater, as it had been practised by the Indian people. The British officials deemed such production illegal and forced the people to buy it at expensive rates

Taxation of salthas occurred in India since the earliest times. However, thistaxwas greatly increased when theBritish East India Companybegan to establish its rule over provinces in India. In 1835, special taxes were imposed on Indiansaltto facilitate its import. This paid huge dividends for thetradersof the British East India Company. When the Crown took over the administration of India from the Company in 1858, the taxes were not replaced.

The stringent salt taxes imposed by the British were vehemently condemned by the Indian public. In 1885, at the first session of theIndian National CongressinBombay, a prominent Congress Leader, S.A.Swaminatha Iyer raised the issue of the salt tax.[1]There were further protests throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries culminating inMahatma Gandhi'sSalt Satyagrahain 1930. This sathyagraha was followed by other sathyagrahas in other parts of the country.

After the arrest of Gandhi,Sarojini Naiduled the sathyagrahis toDharasana Salt worksinGujaratand was arrested by the police.C. Rajagopalacharibroke the Salt Laws atVedaranyam, in Madras Province in the same year. Thousands courted arrest and were imprisoned in large numbers. The administration eventually relented and invited Mahatma Gandhi to England to attend the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhi's Dandi March got wide news coverage and proved to be a turning point in the history ofIndia's independence movement.

The salt tax, however, continued to remain in effect and was repealed only whenJawaharlal Nehrubecame the prime minister of the interim government in 1946, but later re-introduced via the Salt Cess Act, 1953.[2]

Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders felt that it was wrong to impose tax on salt which was an essential commodity for food. ... In 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law. The Salt March was related to the desire for freedom felt by everyone, the rich and the poor alike.

It also imposed ataxon the sale ofsalt. MahatmaGandhiand other national leaders felt that it was wrong to imposetaxonsaltwhich was an essential commodity for food. The leaders decided to oppose thistax. In 1930,Gandhijideclared that he would lead a march tobreak the salt

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Memorable smiles from around the world

A river joined by its tributaries at approximately right angles is known as trellis pattern. It develops where hard and soft rock exists parallel to each other.

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willian jones fell to study in india Because he was poor and in Indian school and collages fees is not much high

William Jones hada deep respect for ancient cultures, bothIndianand Western. He thought it important to discover the sacred texts in order to understandIndia. He was of the view that a newstudyof these texts could form the basis of future development inIndia.

I m confused which is right

Classification of Forests according to the Forest Act of 1878:-On the basis ofthe Forest Act 1878, forests were classified into the following three categories.1) Reserved Forests :-The best forests were called the Reserved Forests. The villagers were not allowed to take anything from these forests even for their personal use.2) Protected Forests:-These forests were protected from the villagers but they could collect wood from Protected forests.3) Village Forests:-These forests were located near the villages and could be exploited by the villagers but not for commercial purposes. The villagers could take wood from these forests to build their houses or for fuel.

Ans :- Thorn forest:

They are commonly found at dry places. They have plants and trees with thorns so named as thorn forest. In India they are found at Rajhistan and Punjab. Common plants are cactus, babool and kekar

Mangrove forest:

They are found in areas abundant in saline water. They are commonly found at Sunderban. The common example of trees found in this forest in Sundari trees.

The crisis faced by rural China are:-Rural area and farmers rehabilation .

Population , product production .

Agriculture .

Health care , global mobility.

Good foodbetter place and medical facilitieshas done this.As a result there is a declination in death rate

Shehnaiis an improved version ofpungias it has a better tonal quality thanpungi. It is a natural hollow stem pipe with seven holes on its body and is longer and broader than thepungi.

TheJagirdarisystem was initially designed to cope with a socio-political situation that was rapidly changing during the eighteenth century. In its prime, the system was able to keep in check the centrifugal forces represented by thezamindarsand promoted a centralized policy. As time passed by, the old hierarchical society and theJagirdarisystem were at odds with the rising social forces. There was a continuously deepening social crisis because of the significant increase of the number ofJagirdarsand not enoughKhalisaland for the king to offer to his noblemen. With increasing successful conquests and liaisons, the size of the nobility increased and with that, claimants ofJagirincreased as well. This increase led to a division of the land andmansabswere now smaller than before. These smaller areas of lands also meant that smaller forces were held by theJagirdarsand thus,zamindarsbecame stronger in this scenario.TheJagirdarisystem delegated, to the Jagirdars, the responsibility of collecting taxes from thezamindars.However, the number ofzamindarswas large and each one of them had their own personal forces of clan/caste followers and supporters. With the decreased sizes of army presented to eachJagirdar,he could no longer subdue thezamindarsas well as the peasants by force. This caused the influence of imperial authority to decrease gradually aszamindarsrefused to cooperate with the system, looked for their own benefit and in some extreme cases even lead peasant uprisings. A decrease in the effectiveness of the imperial authority led to more rebellion, which further reduced the authority and the cycle continued.

We know more about medieval period than ancient period because:

a. Medieval period offers a large number and variety of written , textual records.b. A large number of holy texts, chronicles , letters, judicial records, manuscripts were written during this period which proved to be a valuable source of information for the historiansc. This was primarily because, during this period paper became cheaper and widely available thus, people of medieval period used to write and preserve records unlike in the ancient period where though some accounts were available, but historians relied heavily on coins, inscriptions etc.

nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for jews because of following reasons:

1. The jews were accused of killing the christ, and its was fully exploited by the nazis

2. Nazis thinks that one of the reasons of nazis defeat in ww1 because of jews

so the nazis injected hatred against jews and people follow hitler as they considered him a messiah.also jews lived separtly so they were easy target for them.

Factors responsible for the development of print technology are:-(i)The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books.(ii)Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming exercise.(iii) Manuscripts were fragile, difficult to handle and could not be cared for or read easily.(iv)Though woodblock printing was popular, there was clearly a need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts.

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a.Deforestation rate increased with the increase in human population and industrialization.

b.This has disturbed the normal cycling of water and nutrients in the environment .c. It has resulted inland degradation andhas resulted in the extinction of many species of plants and anima

d. Hunting , poaching of animals, for skin, hides, fleshhas affected fauna.

e.Expansion of railways, commercial and scientific forestry, mining activities , also impacted the forest cover.Forests were cut during the colonial time on a large scale because they wanted land to lay railway tracks, also they wanted wood as fuel for locomotives and for railway line sleepers​.

f. Increased grazing and fuel wood collection has also impacted flora and fauna and led to habitat destruction.​​

g.Human activities have also resulted in increased pollution of all natural resources like water, air, etc.

h.Excessive, industrialization has increased the pollution and has brought about dramatic changes in the climate

i. Further, unplanned construction in eco sensitive zones has also impacted the eco system and the forest cover,

j. It has led to reckless cutting down of trees.

k.With increase in population,urbanization, more settled living, industrialization rate the British encouraged pace of deforestation increased so as to meet their growing needs.The colonial state thought that forest land was unproductive. It did not yield agricultural produce nor revenue.

l. Large areas of natural forests were hence cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.The British also cleared forest to make way for agricultural production. They encouraged the growthof commercial crops to feed their growing population.

k. Industralisation has not only impacted flora and fauna , but has also led to cultural loss, leading to displacement of many tribes who were residing in forest and living in close harmony with nature.

In the modern era, industrialisation generally means the growth of factories and factory production. However, if we look at the case of England, there was a large scale industrial production for international markets at the time when factories were not yet established.

The merchants brought the raw material for cloth and took them to artisans and peasants in the countryside.

The yarn was spun, woven, pleated and dyed. The merchant then collected the cloth and sold it in international markets. Thus, we cannot say thatndustrialisation mean only the growth of factory industries.Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation.

Ans :- Proto-industrialization(also spelledproto-industrialisation) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies.Proto-industrialisation generally refers to the phase before industrialisation.

It was the phase of industrialisation before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large- scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based.Impact:(i) Full utilisation of family labour resources : By working for the merchants the poor peasants and the artisans could continue to remain in the countryside and cultivate their small plots.(iii) Income: Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

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Technology has contributed to the growth of industries or to the process of industrialization. Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society hitherto mainly agrarian of modern industry with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social.

It describes in general term the growth of a society in which a major role is played by manufacturing industry. The Industrial Revolution of 18th century led to the unprecedented growth of industries. Industrialization is associated with the factory system of production. The family has lost its economic importance. The factories have brought down the prices of commodities, improved their quality and maximized their output. The whole process of production is mechanized. Consequently the traditional skills have declined and good number of artisans has lost their work. Huge factories could provide employment opportunities to thousands of people. Hence men have become workers in a very large number. The process of industrialization has affected the nature, character and the growth of economy. It has contributed to the growth of cities or to the process of urbanization

Religious Reforms: Rammohan Roy struggled persistently against social evils. ... In 1829 Rammohan Roy founded a new religious society known as the Atmiya Sabha which later on came to be known as the Brahmo Samaj. This religious society was based on the twin pillars of rationalism and the philosophy of the Vedas.

Social Reformers of India

Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Swami Vivekananda.

Swami Dayananda Saraswati.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

Jyotiba Phule.

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar.

Baba Amte.

Vinoba Bhave.

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Independent India(The First 30 Years – 1947-77)

Election Commission was setup to take care of the practical matters conducting elections across the length and breadth of the country. A novel idea of having symbols from everyday life to represent political parties and candidates was accepted. India adopted universal adult suffrage.

The first challenge the nation faced was the demand for reorganisation on the basis of language.

The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity; it put social and economic change at the top the agenda of modern India.

The First Five Year Plan focused on agriculture and emphasized the need for increasing food production, development of transport and communications and the provision of social service. Three types of land reforms - abolition of zamindari system, tenancy reforms and land ceilings were implemented.

Second Five Year Plan onwards, the emphasis was shifted to industries.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment brought about a series of changes. It had the following aims - excluding the courts from election disputes, strengthening the central government vis-a-vis the state governments, providing maximum protection from judicial challenges to the social and economic transformation legislations and making the judiciary subservient to parliament.

Jawaharlal Nehru formulated Panchsheel, which was basis for Indo-China relations, and supported Non-Alignment Movement.

India also setup an impressive institutional framework with independent institutions like the Judiciary, Election Commission, Controller and Auditor General etc.

One of the greatest weaknesses was undoubtedly the low priority given to primary education and public health.

The most important achievement of first 30 years was the establishment of a stable government.

Key words:

State Reorganisation: The process of reestablishment of states. In August 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed with Fazal Ali, K. M. Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru as members to address the issue of formation of states on the basis of the linguistic principle. On the basis of its report in 1956 the states reorganisation act was passed in parliament.

One Party Dominance: This mean only one party ruling a country for many years. In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962, the Indian National Congress won the majority of the seats reducing other participants to almost nothing.

Emergency: Something serious which needs immediate action in order to avoid harmful results. This is part of Indian constitution, which can be declared by the Centre during the times of crises such as war and internal turmoil. With the declaration of Emergency, democracy was put on hold and all the fundamental rights were suspended.

1.As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturing, production shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories.

2.Large portions of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing centers were found.

3.The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically, and the proportion of capital invested per worker grew.

4.New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers took financial risks and reaped great rewards

People think that democracy is a magical ramidy to all their socio - economic problems . but democracy is just another form of government which could just create conditions for achieving something.

Added to thepolitical and administrative distrust and hatred, the economic exploitation, the social and religious discrimination of superiority complex viewing the Indians as racially inferior and culturally backward and their belief that God had created the white men to civilize the Indians and intol­erance of the idolatry of the Hindus by the Christian missionaries also created distrust between the natives and the British.Further, the missionary activities of charitable and philanthropic nature were looked with suspicion as the missionaries used to heckle the Hindus for worshipping many gods and goddesses, and their efforts to convert to Christianity many economically and socially backward community people and in their educational institutions they began to openly canvas about Christianity.

Ans :- Non-Ferrous Metalsdo not contain Iron, are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion thanferrous metals. Some examples of Non-Ferrous Metalswe deal with are: Aluminium & Aluminium Alloys. Copper.

The greatest achievements of theKingsofChola Empirewere in the field ofArt and Architecture. The Shiva Temple at Tanjore, built by Rajaraja the Great, is the most magnificent example of theChola architecture. It is known for its spacious courtyards and massive tower.

Thedvarapalas,or guardian figures, at the entrance to the mandapa, or hall which started from the Palava period became a unique feature of the Chola Temples.

The Dravidian Style got fully developed after a transition from the rock cut structures of the Pallava Period.

Early Chola temples at the Bank of river Kaveri were smaller and brick made, in comparison to the colossus buildings of the Imperial Cholas.

The temples of the Imperial Cholas are covered with exquisite well composed sculptures and frescoes.

Largest and tallest of all Indian temples i.e. Siva Temple of Thanjore was built in Chola Period.

Ganas, among the sculptures at the temple, are the most memorable figures made in Chola temples

Examples

Vijayalaya Cholisvara Temple, Thanjore

Under Pallavas, some of the finest temples had been created at Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram. However, the largest and most impressive buildings were created under the Cholas post 850 AD, when Vijayalaya Chola took the control of Tanjore. Theearliest Chola Temple we find at Narthamalai,where Vijayalaya Chola commissioned a temple named “Vijayalaya Cholisvara” temple, dedicated to lord Shiva.

Koranganatha Temple, Srinivasanallur

Koranganatha Temple is located at Srinivasanallur, in Tiruchirapalli District, on the banks of river Cauvery. This temple was built by Parantaka Chola -I . The base of this temple has the sculpted mythical animals‘Yazhi’.Yazhi is a recurring pattern and unique feature of Chola architecture.

Muvarkovil, Pudukkottai

“Muvarkovil” literally means temple of three. It was commissioned by Parantaka Chola -II or one of his feudatories. It has three shrines standing side by side, however, only two are extant now.

Tiruvalisvaram temple, Tiruneveli

Tiruvalisvaram temple is the first example where all features of the Chola temple architecture are seen. It is covered with well compsoed sculptures and friezes. Entire cornice of the temple has been ornated with creepers and foliage.

Brihadeeswarar Temple of Tanjore

Brihadeeswarar Temple or Peruvudaiyar Kovil or Rajrajeshwaram temple at Thanjavur is the world’s first complete “granite” temple. It was built by Rajraja Chola-I and is a part of UNESCO’s world Heritage sites. The Vimana or the temple tower (known as Raja Gopuram) is 216 Feet in height and is one of the tallest buildings of its kind. The Nandi is carved out of a single rock. This temple has completed 1 millennium in 2010. It was dictated by lord Shiva to Rajraja Chola I, when he triumphedIlam(Sri Lanka) Island.

Article19of the constitution now providessixfreedoms namely :

Right to freedom of speech and expression,

Right to assemble peaceably and without arms,

Right to form associations or unions,

Right to move freely throughout the territory of India,

Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India,

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