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James Augustus Hickey is considered the father of Indian press. He started the Bengal Gazette in the year 1780. But it was seized in the year 1872 as it was critical of the British Government. With the increasing number of newspapers, the government became accountable. Therefore, it brought into action several acts in order to suppress the press.

Freedom of the press was of utmost importance as it was a powerful tool to propagate political ideas. In 1824, Raja Rammohan Roy had protested against a resolution restricting the freedom of the press. The early phase of the nationalist movement, from around 1870 to 1918, focussed more on political propaganda and education, formation and propagation of nationalist ideology, training, mobilisation and consolidation of public opinion.

Many newspapers emerged during these years under distinguished and fearless journalists. These included The Hindu and Swadesamitran under G. SubramaniyaAiyar, The Bengalee under Surendranath Banerjee, Voice of India under DadabhaiNaoroji, Amrita Bazar Patrika under Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, Indian Mirror under N.N. Sen, Kesari (in Marathi) and Maharatta (in English) under BalgangadharTilak, Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Hindustan and Advocate under G.P. Verma.

The main aim of these newspapers was not to make profit but to serve the public. In fact, these newspapers had a wide reach and they stimulated the popular library movement. The impact of this movement was not limited to cities and towns; these newspapers also reached remote villages, where each news item and editorial would be read and discussed thoroughly in local libraries. Thus libraries enabled not only political education but also political participation.

In these newspapers, government acts and policies were put to thorough scrutiny. They acted as an institution of opposition to the Government. The Government on its part had enacted many strident laws to curb the newspapers, such as Section 124 A of the Indian Penal Code which said that anyone trying to cause disaffection against the British Government in India was to be transported for life or imprisoned for any term.

But journalists evolved clever strategies to subvert these legal hurdles. For instance, pieces critiquing the Government were prefaced with sentiments of loyalty to the very Government or critical writings of socialists or Irish nationalists from newspapers in England would be quoted. This was a difficult task which required an intelligent mix of simplicity with subtlety.

The Indian newspapers became highly critical of Lord Lytton’s administration, especially regarding its inhuman treatment to victims of the famine of 1876-77. The Government struck back with the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was formulated to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively repress seditious writing.

In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. In an angry editorial in The Bengalee, Banerjee criticised a judge of the Calcutta High Court for being insensitive to the religious sentiments of Bengalis in one of his judgements. BalgangadharTilak was most frequently associated with the nationalist fight for the freedom of press.

Tilak encouraged anti-imperialist sentiments among the public through Ganapati festivals (started in 1893), Shivaji festivals (started in 1896) and through newspapers Kesari and Maharatta. He was among the first to advocate the inclusion of the lower middle classes, peasants, artisans and workers into the Congress. In 1896, he organised an all Maharashtra campaign to boycott foreign clothing in opposition to the imposition of excise duty on cotton. In 1896-97, he initiated a no-tax campaign in Maharashtra, urging farmers to withhold the payment of revenue if their crop failed.

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It is also given names asIndianRebellion,IndianMutiny as well asIndianRevolt. The maincausesof theWarwere political, social, economical, military and religious. ... At the same time, anIndiansepoy killed two British officers at Barrack pore, when he was forced to use greased cartridges.

1. Doctrine of lapse which snatched the kingdoms of princes without legal heirs was one of the majorcausesoffirst war of independence. 2. Economic exploitation of people in the form of taxes, land revenue etc was another maincause of first war of independence.

Causes of 1857 Revolt

Political Causes

The imperialist policy of the East India Company was an important factor. The Company interfered in the internal matters of Indian States and followed the policy of divide and rule. The subsidiary alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse of Dalhousie angered Indian Princes. The policy of Doctrine of Lapse was applied not only to Princes but also big Zamindars. Because of all these reasons Kings, Princes, their courtiers and disbanded soldiers and tenants were enraged with the British.

Administrative Causes

The British introduced a new system of administration by which they replaced the traditional system. So many local administration personnel became unemployed and so turned against the British. The introduction of “Rule of Law” and “Equality before Law” was looked upon with suspicion by the traditional Hindus and Muslims, who were governed by the laws of Dharmshastras and Shariyat. Indians were not allowed to get higher jobs in the administration, and the salaries paid to them were far less than those of their English counter-parts. This was against the policy of equality before law which the Britishers professed.

Economic Causes

The East India Company followed a policy of exploiting India economically. They utilized the sources and wealth of India for their own ends. After Industrial Revolution imports from England augmented. The British created monopoly on trade in their favour. They converted India into a supplier of raw materials and a market for their finished goods. This resulted in unemployment of Indian artisans and craftsmen. Thus traditional handicrafts suffered. The land revenue policies of the British were detrimental to the farmers.

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FIVE CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND ARE: 1 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC COMPETITION IN EUROPEThough the European states had frequently fought amongst each other for many centuries, by the mid-18th century many of them were rising colonial powers. What was at stake now was competition for being a global world superpower. In the beginning of the 18th century, Britain had just a quarter and two thirds the population of France and Spain respectively. It was thus under constant pressure fighting against these perennial and larger enemies. The British engaged in many major wars during this period like Austrian war of succession (1740-48), Seven Years‘ War (1756-63), American Revolutionary War (1775-83) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) to name a few. The need to keep up with the enemy put tremendous pressure on the country to produce more. This desperate need incentivized the invention of labour-saving devices, which played a key role in the revolution.

#2 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN EUROPEMost historians do not agree on the exact period of the Scientific Revolution in Europe. Many define it within the times of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) and Isaac Newton (1642-1727). The Scientific Revolution refers to European developments changing conceptual, cultural, social and institutional relationships involving nature, knowledge and belief. In the early 16th century, Copernicus presented his simple heliocentric hypothesis. With the bold claim that the Earth moves around the sun, Copernicus challenged tradition, the authority of the scriptures and the established views in the universities and the church.

#3 AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAINThe British Agricultural Revolution refers to the unprecedented rise in agricultural production in Britain from the 17th to mid-19th century. Agricultural changes started in Europe in Belgium and Holland. They revolved around intensive farming methods like:-

Crop rotation – the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to help restore plant nutrients

Enclosed fields – putting common grazing grounds under cultivation by establishing exclusive ownership of those lands.

Using an improved version of the Chinese Plough

#4 GOVERNMENT POLICIESDuring 18th century Britain there was a long time constitutional monarchy and the nation was politically more stable than its challengers like France and Spain. This allowed for better policy formation and implementation. The government maintained a patent system which gave exclusive rights over innovations to their inventors for a limited number of years. This hugely helped in financing of newer ideas. The enclosure system allowed private ownership of farm lands which were common before thereby encouraging capitalism and forming the industrial class of the future. Another important policy was allowing the inflow of immigrants for enhancing the skill and development of the industry which also led to the weakening of the guilds. Contrary policies in other European states is often cited as a major reason for their delayed industrialization.

#5 POLITICAL INFLUENCE OVER INDIA AND OTHER COLONIESBy the mid-18th century Britain had a sizeable overseas empire and their victories at the battles of Plassey and Buxar had given them political influence over major parts of India, especially in the cotton industries and trade hub of Bengal. Control over India, the cotton producing and manufacturing hub of the world, would fuel the demand for invention of cotton spinning machines in Britain.

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The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.

The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in1789and ended in the late1790swith the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Non-farm activities are as follows:

Dairy is the main non-farming activity of the people of Palampur. ...

Some people are also engaged in small manufacturing units like spinning,weaving, leather making etc. ...

Many shopkeepers have set up their own shops selling stationary items, toothpaste,candlesetc. in the village.

Goa is the smallest state in india

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Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are important producer of apples.

Legislative assembly of Jammu&Kashmir consists of 111 assembly constituencies.

no 87 member are their in the legislative assembly

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370 article from India this is my answer

370article from India this is my answer

article 370 is provision scrapped recently from jammu and kashmir

Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep.Many of them migrated to this region in the nineteenth century in search of pastures for their animals.Gradually,over the decades they established themselves in this area,and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds.In winter ,when the high mountains were covered with snow, they lived with their herds in the low hills of Siwalik range.By the end of April they began their northern march for their summer marching grounds.They crossed Pir Panjal passes and entered the valley of Kasmir.With onset of summer the snow melted and the mountains became lush green.the variety of grasses that sprouted provided rich nutritious forage for their herds.

Resources required for generation ofgoodsor services, generally classified into fourmajorgroups:

Land (including all natural resources),

Labor (including all human resources),

Capital (including all man-made resources), and.

Enterprise (which brings all the previous resources together for production).

Natural resourcessuch as oil, gas,land minerals and timber are expected to continue to play a significant role inresourceabundant economies, as demand from rapidly growing economies increases, and as supplies of non-renewableresourcesdecline and renewableresourceharvests approach maximum sustained yield levels.

The four requirements of production are:1.land2.Labour 3.physical capital 4.human capital

Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate, with extreme summer highs reaching 46 °C (115 °F), and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below 4 °C (39 °F). In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience andtemperatureeven drops to 2 °C (36 °F).

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Ans :- The two important characteristics of early Hindi novel were

1)These novels intend to remain rooted in the value of their old tradition and culture,and to live with dignity and honor.

2)These novels said interesting stories in simple language.

1. TheBattle of Plasseywas a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive. ... Thebattlewas preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and the Black Hole massacre.

2.A number of historians point to the colonization of India as a major factor in both India'sdeindustrializationand Britain'sIndustrial Revolution.The capital amassed fromBengalfollowing its 1757 conquest helped to invest in British industries such astextile manufacture during the Industrial Revolutionas well as increase British wealth, while contributing to deindustrialization in Bengal.

3.

Ans :- UNESCO'sWorldHeritagemission is to. Encourage countries to sign the WorldHeritageConvention and to ensure the protection of their natural and culturalheritage; Encourage international cooperation in theconservationof our world's cultural and naturalheritage.

Ans :- It is true that heritage and its importance cannot be discounted, therefore one should follow certain precautions while preserving the past.

One of the most important steps is to become a partner of UNESCO is preserving the heritage.

In fact, you can also join the volunteer programs to perform different types of strategic activities to restore the building or the site.

People can also practice sustainable tourism by creating awareness among the visitors.

Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, c. 11,000–9000 BC. Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, c. 11,000 BC. Tell Qaramel in Syria, 10,700–9400 BC. Franchthi Cave in Greece, epipalaeolithic ( c.10,000BC) settlement, reoccupied between 7500 and 6000 BC.

Thephraseunfair trade practicescan be defined asanybusinesspracticeoractthat isdeceptive, fraudulent, or causes injury to a consumer. Thesepracticescan include acts that are deemed unlawful, such as those that violate a consumer protectionlaw.

Bargaining will be unfair when the thing you are getting has its price is as lowest as it actually not would be and has the good quality of material and in another situation if that person from whom you are buying is suffering from economic problems and he is totally depended on that thing in this situation you think by your heart and buy a big basket from him if you are affordable.

please help me I have on ouestion of scince

I will send you a ouestion ok and you will send me answer

Why earth is round shape and specele planet

Neolithic is a Greek word. It means ‘New Stone’. The period since the discovery of agriculture to the rise of urban civilization has been bracketed, as New Stone or Neolithic Age. This Age lasted approximately from 8000BC to 3000BC. The earlier anthropologists conceived everything on the basis of technological types, so they distinguished two grand divisions in Stone Age, which were different from each other by the technique of stone working. Palaeolithic tools and implements were made solely by chipping.They were very crude in nature. But the Neolithic stone objects were pecked, ground, rubbed and polished; they were far better in finishing as well as in effectiveness. Man was no longer a food-gatherer, he became a food-producer at the advent Neolithic.

first is neo and second is paleo

The Neolithic Age occurred essentially around the end of the Stone Age. It was a time when people were looking to make their lives easier where they could and that’s where the invention of the wheel came into being. By being able to displace weight on the wheel, it became easier to haul items between various points and even haul heavier items than before. One could say that the invention of the wheel is the backbone of many other inventions that we use today.

The Greek andAramaicinscriptions used their respective scripts, in the northwestern areas of Ashoka's territory, in modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. While most Edicts were in Prakrit, a few were written in Greek orAramaic. The Kandahar Rock Inscription is bilingual Greek-Aramaic.

By being able to displace weight on the wheel, it became easier to haul items between various points and even haul heavier items than before.

coconut ,casew,tea,coffee and rubber

coconut and coffee, tea ,rubber ,casew

coconut , coffe, rubber ,.

Yes iknow who suffered from malaria.first he got high fever so he consulted a doctor then they took blood test and urine test. from that they concluded that he was suffering from malaria.he suffered with cold and severe cough and shivering.

Scripts are lists of commands executed by certain programs or scripting engines

In computer programming, a script is a program or sequence of instructions that is interpreted or carried out by another program rather than by the computer processor

No

But

your answer is absolutely wrong

but

thank

Dholavira has a unique distinction of yielding an inscription of ten large sized signs of the Harappan script, indeed the oldest sign board of the world. A variety of funerary structures are yet another significant discovery, indicating the presence of composite ethnic groups in Indus population at Dholavira. T

Dholavira is a Harappan site located in the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. This 47 hectares (120 acres) quadrangular city is one of the largest mature Harappan sites. The site was occupied from ca. 2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100 BCE. It was briefly abandoned then reoccupied until c.1450 BCE. The site has been systematically recorded over thirteen field excavations between 1990 and 2005 led by by R.S. Bisht. The excavations reveal the significance of this site for the following reasons:

(1) A long cultural sequence, documenting a period of over 1,500 years;(2) A meticulous and mathematically precise city plan;(3) Monumental architecture, including a "stadium with terraced stands";(4) A unique funerary/sepulchral architecture;(5) The discovery of a sandstone quarry from where sandstone was excavated, converted into huge architectural members and even exported to sites such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, several hundred kilometres away, and finally,(6) Its incredible water management system and hydraulic engineering that contains at least 16 reservoirs and an elaborate systems of drains and sewers. In the citadel area there is an intricate network of storm water drains, all connected to an arterial one and furnished with slopes, steps, cascades, manholes (air ducts / water relief ducts), paved flooring and capstones. The main drains were high enough for a tall man to walk through easily. The rainwater collected through these drains was stored in yet another reservoir that was carved out in the western half of the citadel. Altogether the reservoirs have an area of about 10 hectares, or 10 percent of the area within the walls. This fabulous system made it possible for the Dholavirans to thrive in their desert home.

However, one of the most exciting discoveries at Dholavira is a large wooden "signboard" just outside the north entrance to the citadel. This is actually one of the longest Indus inscriptions known. There are 10 symbols in the panel, each one is about 37 centimetres high and the board on which the letters were inscribed appears to have been about 3 meters long. One of the symbols is repeated 4 times. The symbols are made of white gypsum used like mosaic tiles, attached to a wooden background. At some point the wooden sign fell face down in the dirt, eventually rotting away but leaving the bricks in place in the ground. Bisht has said that this sign was in use in Stage IV, that belongs to the classical Harappan culture. Based on its location near the gate, this large inscription has been called a "sign board," suggesting that ancient Indus gateways, or at last this one, could have had some sort of signs associated with it that visitors to the city saw before or as they entered. However until the Indus script is deciphered, what the sign is saying still remains a mystery.

Buddha’s middle path means the way to liberate from the cycles of life (reach Nirvana) without taking extreme paths.

-In Buddhism, The Noble eightfold path is 'The Middle Way'.

-Gotama Buddha found out the way to release from the cycles of life (reach Nirvana) without taking extreme ways (Asceticism and Hedonism).

Asceticism (noun): the practice of strict self-denial as a measure of personal and especially spiritual discipline : the condition, practice, or mode of life of an ascetic : rigorous abstention from self-indulgence

Hedonism (noun): living and behaving in ways that mean you get as much pleasure out of life as possible, according to the belief that the most important thing in life is to enjoy yourself

Java aspirin is an embeddable send-only SMTP server

JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight, interpreted or JIT compiled programming language with first-class functions. Most well-known as the scripting language for Web pages, many non-browser environments also use it, such as node.js and Apache CouchDB.The most common use of JavaScript is to add client-side behavior to HTML pages, also known as Dynamic HTML. Scripts are embedded in or included from HTML pages and interact with the Document Object Model of the page

Zebra crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing that is marked on the road with painted black and white stripes that gives pedestrians permanent right to way mostly control by traffic light in some Nations. Thus, if one step onto a zebra crossing a moving car or motorcycle is expected to stop for the pedestrians to have smoothed walk on the main road. These special types of crossings typically give pedestrians permanent right of direction when crossing the street because it is a positive step towards creating traffic safety culture as well as an enabling and sustainable road traffic environment.

1)No2)Yes3)Yes4)No5)No

Ourgovernmenthas done much more to providefood securityto the poor by launching variousschemessuch as buffer stock, PDS, Antyodaya Anna Yojana and AnnapurnaScheme. Following are thetwo schemes launchedby thegovernmentto providefood securityto the poor.

77,Samuel ParkCourt Building Road,Chennai5thAugust

Dear John

I hope you are doing good, always study hard.I am extremely happy with your performance in your first unit exams.I am writing this letter to give you a list of books that I have read recently, which I feel you must read as well.The joy of reading books can’t be described in words. It’s something that you understand only by real experience.

The Story of My Experiments With TruthbyMahatma Gandhi

The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai

The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy.

Godaan by Munshi Premchand

The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru

I would highly recommend these books for you to read. You will find these books in your library. Tell me how you like them.

Hope you would look into my advise seriously. Convey my regards to your friends. Take care.

Yours loving brother

William

kindly edit the name and address accordingly.

We currently do not support CS questions.We will however help with c and c++ if any.

to initialize an array we need to first make an variable like int arr[ ]=new are[10];

it is an array who can. store 10 vales of integer

answer

its my answer and like this

Black soils are most suitable for the cotton crop hence it is also known as black cotton soil.

Yes it is true sentence

yes public palace is for so it's use by equally to all

yes it is right sentence 😁

yes it is right sentence

(a)Rainfall is erratic and unpredictable.The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and droughts. Sometimes the rainfall occurs early and at times it is delayed.

(b)Rainfall occurs mainly in summer.A large part of the country receives rainfall mainly in the summer from the South West Monsoon winds. Very little rain is caused in winter from the N.E winter monsoons.

(c)Rainfall is unevenly distributed.Some regions receive over 200 cms of rain and suffer from floods while others receive less than 50 cms annually and experience semi-desert conditions.

Globalization isthe spread of products, technology, information, and jobs acrossnationalborders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence ofnationsaround the globe fostered through free trade.

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale ....

globalization made all the countries to make a free trade among the nation's to benefit the people to reach the goods beyond the domestic markets of their countries

Financial manager gives advice to Board of directors in respect to financial management.

part 2

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