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Scalarsare quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.Vectorsare quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.

The physical quantities which have only magnitude is called scalers.for e.g.speed,length,distance,etc.The physical quantities which have magnitude as well as direction is called vectors.For e.g. acceleration,velocity,displacement,etc.

The obligations of business towards owners, shareholders and investors are as follows :

1. To ensure safety of investment.2. To provide a fair and regular dividend or interest.3. Growth of the business should be planned.4. There must be effective communication.5. It must utilize resources properly.6. To offer reasonable opportunity for participation of shareholders in policy decisions.

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Coastal area tree name is " Pinus sylvestris"

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. Governance is "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented. An institutional set-up that ensures good governance usually has the following features:

ParticipationAll men and women should have a voice in decision-making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their interests. Such broad participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively.Rule of LawLegal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly laws on human rights.TransparencyTransparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions, and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them.ResponsivenessInstitutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders.Consensus OrientationGood governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interests of the group and where possible, on policies and procedures.EquityAll men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.Effectiveness and EfficiencyProcesses and institutions produce results that make the best use of resources.AccountabilityDecision-makers in government and civil society organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to the institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external to an organization.Strategic VisionLeaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of their rights and duties. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that perspective is grounded.Our Constitution provides a clear mandate for democratic decentralization not only through the Directive Principles of State Policy which exhorts the State to promote Panchayati Raj Institutions but more specifically through the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution which seek to create an institutional framework for ushering in grassroots democracy through the medium of genuinely self-governing local bodies in both urban and rural areas of the country. These self-governing local bodies are the third tier of governance in the country. Therefore, when we evaluate the growth and development of the self-governing local bodies, we understand our position in Good Governance.

An institutional set-up that ensures good governance usually has the following features:

Participation.

Rule of Law.

Transparency.

Responsiveness.

Consensus Orientation.

Equity.

Effectiveness and Efficiency.

Accountability.

People'sparticipation in electionis usually measured by voter turnout figures. ... They feel that throughelectionsthey can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favorable to them. They also feel that their vote matters in the way things are run in the country

Democracy depends on the run of fairness, which implies that all individuals are equivalent to the extent the law is concerned. Each individual has the privilege to understanding and appreciates measure up to political, social and monetary rights, and the state isn't permitted to segregate him on the standard of gender, class, religion, and property.

The decision experts owe their prosperity to races by the nationals, so they would feel thankful to and socially in charge of them. This can fill in as their persuading element to work for the natives, for they have the privilege of picking their government.

Democracy aims to make the perfect condition that is helpful for identity change, character development, and great propensities.

these are some ways to enhance participation of women in politics:-

1)there should be separate quota for women for participating in elections.

2)each party must reserve some of it's tickets for woman.

3)various representatives should be appointed in different localities to aware women about the field of politics.

Yes absolutely. Both of them should be given equal opportunity.

Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field to make the whole system more rational and effective. His civil code of 1804 was known as Napoleonic Code.

(i) First, he did away with all the privileges based on birth. Everyone became equal before the law. He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial duties.

(ii) He secured the right to property.

(iii) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen found a new-found freedom as guild restrictions were removed in towns also.

(iv) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, a common national currency facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Very bad and

Dictatorship vs Monarchy

Dictatorship and monarchy are different terms of governance but are almost the same in the sense that both have usurped the power of the people.

A dictatorship is an office that has been gotten through force, and a monarchy or crown is reign that is passed from one generation to another.

A dictatorship is termed as a government ruled by one person or commander who is known as the dictator. For example, Saddam Hussein was the dictator of Iraq till the U.S. forces killed him. Benito Mussolini was also a dictator who ruled Italy from 1925 to 1943.

In archaeology, aflake toolis a type of stonetoolthat was used during the Stone Age that was created by striking aflakefrom a prepared stone core.

Mount Everest. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the worldKarakoramKanchenjunga

Food is an essential commodity for all living beings as they get nutrition from the same .Plantsgive usfruits vegetablesand many other such products. Animals on the other hand give usdairy productslikemilk meat eggs fatand so on. ➡️plantsand animals are major sources of food for living beings .

Ans :- The four major domains of the Earth are:lithosphere,hydrosphere,atmosphereandbiosphere.

The four major domains of the Earth are: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphereand biosphere.

Thefour major domains of the Earthare: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. (b) The sevenmajorcontinents of theEarthare: Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica.

(a)The four major domains of the earth are—Lithosphere,Atmosphere,HydrosphereandBiosphere. (

Imagine that you are walking on a beach, and you feel the sand beneath you. You feel the cool ocean breeze on your face as well as the water of the waves crashing on your feet. the sand is Lithosphere the water is Hydrosphere and the cool breeze that you feel is the Atmosphere. To summarize the major domains are Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere.

The period beginning with the year of Christ's birth.

a) The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Romans who both served as tribunes in the late 2nd century BC. They attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major aristocratic landholdings among the urban poor and veterans, in addition to other reform measuresb) The Gracchi, Tiberius Gracchus, and Gaius Gracchus, were Roman brothers who tried to reform Rome's social and political structure to help the lower classes in the 2nd century BCE. The brothers were politicians who represented the plebs, or commoners, in the Roman government.c) The Death and Suicide of theGracchi. After TiberiusGracchuswas killed during the rioting in 133, hisbrotherGaius (154–121 BCE) stepped in. GaiusGracchustook up the reform issues of hisbrotherwhen he became tribune in 123 BCE, ten years after the death ofbrotherTiberius.d) Augustus

The Pallavas supported Buddhism, Jainism, and the Brahminical faith and were patrons of music, painting, and literature.

Their greatest monuments are architectural, in particular theShore Temple, the various other temples carved from granite monoliths, and the Varaha cave (7th century; these collectively were designated a UNESCOWorld Heritage sitein 1984) atMamallapuram, once a flourishing port.

Great Freedom Fighter ‘Hutatma’ Babu Genu embraced martyrdom. On this day in 1930 Babu Genu along with his colleagues protested the entry of foreign goods and made every effort to prevent the same. The police held them back to make way for the trucks that carried the goods. However Babu Genu managed to free himself and lay on the road in a bid to block the truck’s path. The truck driver being Indian refused to drive over Babu Genu. This angered the then Officer-in-Charge who took control of the truck and ran over Babu Genu. Babu Genu’s sacrifice infused vigour and triggered a wave of protests strikes and agitations.

Government laws can be effective to control the pollution in a city, provided they can be properly enforced. People find ways of getting around laws. So, apart from legislations, government also needs to carry out intensive public awareness programmes aimed at educating the public about the need and ways of controlling pollution and how they also have a stake in environmental governance.

Examples to show the success of legislation to change the quality of

(a) Public LifeThe Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission was successful in controlling industrial smoke in colonial Calcutta.(b) Private LifeThe British Government passed the Clean Air Act in 1956. This law was aimed at controlling domestic sources of smoke pollution by introducing the concept of smokeless zones. In these areas, smokeless fuels had to be burnt. As a result, air pollution in British cities was substantially reduced.

The measures of the Act 1956 introduced by Sinhalese Government made the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated.

(i)They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhalese were sensitive to their language and culture.

(ii)They also felt that the constitutions and government policies denied them equal political rights.

(iii)Thus, they realised that government has discriminate against them in getting jobs and other opportunities by ignoring their interests.

(iv) As a result, the relations between the Sinhalese and Tamil communities strained over time.

Ranil Wickremesinghe is current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamils’ started their struggle by lanching their political parties for the;

(i)recognition of Tamil as an official language and regional autonomy.

(ii)For regional autonomy.

(iii)Equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs

In order to protest for their demand they started a political struggle in the way of conflict with the government.

(i)By 1980s several political organisation were formed demanding an independent Tamil Elam (State) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

(ii)The distrust between the two communities turned into wide spread conflict which soon turned into a civil war.

(iii)As a result thousands of people of posh communities have been killed and caused a terrible set back to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

In Belgium, leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner:

1.Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.

2.Many powers of the Central Government have been given to the state governments, of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central government.

3.Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.

4.There is a third kind of government, called the ‘community government’. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.

Mahatma Gandhi thought that English education had enslavedIndians because colonialeducationcreated a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians. It made them to see western civilisation as superior and destroyed the pride theyhadin their own culture.

Food production and consumption was the main reason for the rise of global agricultural economy.The Corn Laws in Britain were abolished which opened up routes for the import of food grains. A new world economy began.The import of food in Britain led to the fall in prices of food grains and increase in consumption.There was a huge demand for agricultural commodities in Britain. Hence, all over the world land was cleared up to meet the rising demands in Britain.The need for agriculturallabour also increased. Migration started to take place due to this changing economic order.

Examples of the global agricultural economy by 1890 were

1. Tea was exported from India to Britain.2. Cotton was exported from countries like Egypt and USA to the textile mills of Britain.3. Foodgrains like wheat was exported from countries like Argentina, Australia and USA to European countries.

The British completely changed education in India. The biggest change was the introduction of the western style education (which has not changed since then) with the language of instruction being English.

The traditional educational system in which students learnt various subjects in temples, mosques and gurukuls was replaced by a system of schools and universities based on the system in the West.

British rule brought many negatives to education in India as well. While promoting western ideals and thought, the British also discouraged Indian culture and philosophy. The study of Indian history from an eurocentric point of view was introduced.

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Globally, Russian revolution had a far reaching impact.

Communism:

Russia was the first country to establish a communist state. Soon after the revolution Communist International (Comintern) was formed for promoting revolutions on an international scale. The Revolution led to the formation of communist parties in many countries often with the support of the Comintern.

Socialism:

Despite differences between communists and socialists, after the revolution socialism became one of the most widely held ideologies. Popularity of socialism helped mitigate discrimination based on race, colour and sex.

Democracy:

The Revoluti6n led to redefinition of democracy. Most people began to recognise that for democracy to be real, political rights without social and economic rights were not enough.

Economic Planning:

The idea of state playing an active role in regulating the economy and planning the economy, to improve the conditions of the people gained wide acceptance.

Dignity of Labour:

'He that does not work, neither shall he eat', gained wide acceptance adding a new dignity to labour.

Internationalism:

Socialist ideas also helped in promoting internationalism by emphasising nations think beyond narrow self interests.

Imperialism:

The Russian Revolution hastened the end of imperialism. Russia after the revolution was the first country to openly support the cause of independence of all nations from foreign rule.

Nationalism:

The revolution awakened the peoples of Asia and Africa and infused a new spirit of nationalism in their fight for freedom from the European colonizers.

Division of the World:

The world hence came to be divided into two i.e., Socialists and Capitalists. The revolution gave a call to the workers of the world to unite against capitalists.

Though by the end of the 20th century the international reputation of USSR as a socialist country declined but the socialist ideals of the Russian Revolution still enjoy respect among the peoples of the world.

because he know that he can appeal in the supreme court

because he may that there is appealate jurisdiction system in which he may appeal to higher court

Just to check about the time and to count the days

because behind this reason that each person has got new morning with arising sun

thank you so much

for your help and your precious time

By the position of the Sun or the Moon in the sky or by checking the clock, we can know the time of the day.

Atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and from time to time. This is due to changes in temperature and the quantity of water vapour in the air. The density of moist air is lesser than that of dry air. The density also decreases with an increase in temperature. Hence, the atmospheric pressure also decreases.

The atmospheric pressure at a place is due to the weight of the air above it. Therefore, the pressure will decrease as we go higher above the sea-level. Thus, the atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.

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At different times of the day, your shadow will be different because of the position of the sun. -Your shadow is small at noon because the sun is above you. In the morning and evening, your shadow will be tall. The lightcausesyour shadow to change.

There was another more advanced shadow clock or sundial in use by the ancient Egyptians around 1500 BC. This shadow clock or sundial permitted one to measure the passage of hours within a day. Another veryearlyform of clock totellthetime was thewater clock. The water clock was used by the ancient Greeks

heavenly body (plural heavenly bodies) A natural celestial object, visible in the sky, such as a star, planet, natural satellite, asteroid, comet, the Moon or the Sun. Objects flying or moving in the atmosphere are not usually considered as heavenly bodies.

Democratic decision making is when the leader gives up ownership and control of a decision and allows the group to vote.Majority vote will decide the action. Advantages include a fairly fast decision, and a certain amount of group participation. The disadvantage of this style includes no responsibility.

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The provisions in the constitution of India that have created a strong central government are:

i)

In the first article of the Constitution of India states that India shall be a union of States. The central government has sole power on the territory of India. The parliament has a power to form new States by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more States. The Central Government must secure the view of the concerned state legislature on such decisions.

ii)

The division of powers is in favour of the union government. In the situation of a conflict between laws made on any subject of the concurrent list by state and also by the Parliament the law made by the Parliament would be effective.

iii)

The central government has very effective financial powers and responsibilities.The Items generating revenue are under the control of the centre. All the states are mostly dependent on the grants and financial assistance from the central government.

iv)

The union government becomes very powerful When any of the three kinds of emergencies are proclaimed. The Parliament also assume the power to make laws on subject within the jurisdiction of the states.

If there are any disturbance in any states or part thereof the union government is empowered to dispute Central force in the state or to the disturbed part of the state.

v)

The executive powers of the centre are superior to those of the states.

The all India services are common for the entire territory of India and officers chosen for the services serve in the administration of the states. States cannot take disciplinary action nor can they remove these officer from service.

Political partiesplay a pivotal rolein shaping andmobilising public opinion.

Ans :- Public Interest Litigation is directly filed by an individual or group of people in the Supreme Court of India and High Courts of India and judicial member. It was felt that their interests are undermined by the government .In such a situation, the court directly accepts the public interest litigation.

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PIL : Anyone can approach the courts, if public interest is hurt by the actions of the government. This is called Public Interest Litigation.

Significance :

1. In recent years, the courts have given several judgements and directives to protect public interest and human rights.

2. The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power to make decisions. They check malpractices on the part of the public officials.