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C and C++ are the two examples for high-level languages.

The set of programs that can run only on a specific types of CPU are called machine dependent language.

They translate user written high-level language programs to equivalent machine or assembly language programs.

It is a low-level programming language in which mnemonics and alphanumeric symbols are used to code operations and addresses.

It is a computer language translator that checks the entire user-written program and if error-free, produces a complete program in machine language.

The linker takes several object files and libraries as input and produces one executable object file.

Programs that can run on a variety of different types of computers are called machine-independent language.

It is a program that performs a very specific task, usually related to managing system resources. Operating systems contain a number of utilities for managing disk drives, printers, and other devices.

Interpreter is a language translator which translates high-level programs one statement at a time and, if error-free, executes them.

The main function of a loader is to load the program into the main memory for execution.

A set of instructions for a specific central processing unit, designed to be usable by a computer without being translated is called machine code/language.

It is responsible to handle system resources such as computer memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices.

Single user operating system, Batch operating system, Distributed operating system and network operating system.

The term GUI means Graphical User Interface.

A real-time operating system processes inputs simultaneously, fast enough to affect the next input or process. Real-time systems are usually used to control complex systems that require a lot of processing like machinery and industrial systems.

For example, Linux OS.

The single-user operating system is MS-DOS.

Linux, MS-DOS, Windows 8, etc.,

The multi-user operating system is UNIX.

In a distributed system, software and data may be distributed around the system, programs, and files may be stored on different storage devices which are located in different geographical locations and may be accessed from different computer terminals.

For example, Amoeba

A single user operating system allows only one user to use the system resources at any particular time including the CPU. For example, DOS (disk operating system).

An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software.

Source code:

The source code is any collection of computer instructions written using some human-readable computer language.

Object code: 

The object code is usually a machine code that can be understood directly by a specific type of CPU.

Memory management:

The operating system allocates memory for a requesting process and frees the memory when the process is completed.

Device management: 

The operating system is responsible to allocate input and output devices as and when they are required by any process.

The features of the UNIX operating system are:- 

1. Multi-tasking:

More than one program can be run at a time

2. Portability:

Only the kernel (<10%) is written in assembler tools for program development a wide range of support tools (debuggers, compilers). The system is written in high-level language making it easier to read, understand, changed and, therefore move to other machines.

3. Machine-independence: 

The System hides the machine architecture from the user, making it easier to write applications that can run on micros, mins, and mainframes.

4. Multi-User Operations:

UNIX is a multi-user system designed to support a group of users simultaneously. The system allows for the sharing of processing power and peripheral resources, while at the same time providing excellent security features.

5. Hierarchical File System:

UNIX uses a hierarchical file structure to store information. This structure has the maximum flexibility in grouping information in a way that reflects its natural state. It allows for easy maintenance and efficient implementation.

1. Command Line Interface:

MS-DOS uses a command-line interface, forcing the user to input commands at a prompt.

2. Single Tasks:

Because Microsoft intended MS-DOS to run on early PCs without much in the way of RAM, MS-DOS features no ability for programs to multitask. When the user runs a program, that program consumes system resources until it stops, and then another program may access memory.

3. Filenames:

One distinctive characteristic of MS-DOS is its “8+3” file naming system. File names are limited to eight characters, with a three-character suffix denoting the type of file.

4. Drive Letters:

Another prominent characteristic-of MS-DOS is its use of letters to refer to drives. Typically, A and B designate floppy drives, while C and anything later in the alphabet, refers to hard drives or optical drives.

• It is a freely available version of the UNIX operating system
• It started by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
• Programmers from around the world contribute code. 
• Main portion of Linux: The Linux Kernel.
• It can be downloaded from a number of sites (www.linux.org) as well as purchased in packages (called distributions) from companies such as RedHat (www.redhat.com) and Suse (www.suse.com).

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs.

Application software is a set of programs that direct computers to perform specific information processing activities for end-users.

System software refers to the files and programs that make up a computer’s operating system. System files include libraries of functions, system services, drivers for printers and other hardware, system preferences, and other configuration files. The programs that are part of the system software include assemblers, compilers, file management tools, system utilities, and debuggers.

The system software is installed on a computer when the operating system is installed. Users can update the software by running programs such as “Windows Update” for Windows or “Software Update” for Mac OS X. However, unlike application programs, system software is not meant to be run by the end-user. For example, while you might use your Web browser every day, you probably don’t have much use for an assembler program (unless, of course, you are a computer programmer).

Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. Hardware is a device that is physically connected to the computer or something that can be physically touched. Without any hardware, the computer can not exist and software would have nothing to run on.

General-purpose application software and specific purpose application software.

It is a set of coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory.

Application software consists of programs that direct computers to perform specific information processing activities for end-users. These programs are called application packages because they direct the processing required for a particular use, or application, which users want to perform. Thousands of application packages are available because there are thousands of different jobs end-users want computers to do.

Kinds of Application Software:

Application software includes a variety of programs that can be subdivided into general-purpose and application-specific categories.

1. General-Purpose Application Programs: 

General-purpose applications packages are programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users. For example, word processing programs, electronic spreadsheet programs, database management programs, graphics programs, communications programs and many other sales for general purposes.

This packaged software is also called off-the-shelf software packages because these products are packaged and available for sale. Many features are common to most of the packaged programs.

2. Application-Specific Software:

Many application programs are available to support specific applications of the end-users. Business Application Programs and Scientific Application Programs are a few application-specific software. There are so many other application areas also, such as educate on, music, art, medicine, etc.