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Kabaddi’ is our game. This was played by the Kouravas and Pandavas also. Kabaddi means ‘Continous sounding’. This is called ‘Chik-Chik’ in some areas, ‘Chedugudu’ in some areas. In our region we call it ‘Kabaddi’. This is a game between two groups. Each group has 12 members – 7 out of them will be in the court.

Some rules of the game:

1. This is Time based game. 15 mts – 5 mts rest – 15 mts. 

2. The persons who are ‘out’ should leave the court. 

3. They can enter the court after getting a point. 

4. If all the 7 members are ‘Out’, it is called ‘Lona’. 

5. ‘2’ points will be awarded for ‘Lona’.

The rules will be framed and changed by the ‘Kabaddi Federation of India’. We have also such federation in our state. This game had many changes. A change is introduced recently i.e., ‘Bonus Line Point’. When the 6 to 7 members are in the court, the opposite group person touches the bonus line, they get one additional point. 

The player should not stop the ‘Sounding’.

1. The games which have their origin in India and are an important part of Indian culture are indigenous games. 

2. They are of two types – ‘Indoor Games’ and ‘Outdoor Games’. Indoor Games are played within a closed environment and a number of them are played by sitting at one place. Chess, card games, dice, carrom, etc. are indigenous indoor games. 

3. An open space or preferably a playground is required to play outdoor games. Kabaddi, Atyapatya, Kho-kho etc. are indigenous outdoor games. 

4. The special feature of indigenous games is that they do not require high cost material and hence are less expensive. Phugadi, Zimma, Bhatukali are some of the indigenous games played by girls. In modern times, all national and international games are played by both girls and boys.

Self exercise.

Cricket was invented in western country England. It was made popular in its colonial countries. Most of the changes were made by them only. So encouraging the cricket means the idea of developing western culture. This has been the relation.

The commercialisation of Cricket – Its Consequences

Matches in Sydney could now be watched live in Surat. This simple fact shifted the balance of power in cricket:

a process that had begun by the breakup of the British Empire was taken to its logical conclusion by globalisation. Since India had the largest viewership for the game amongst the cricket playing nations and the largest market in the cricketing world, the game’s centre of gravity shifted to South Asia. This shift was symbolised by the shifting of the ICC headquarters from London to tax-free Dubai.

A more important sign that the centre of gravity in cricket had shifted away from the old, Anglo – Australian axis is that innovations in cricket technique in recent years have mainly come from the practice of subcontinental teams in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling: the ‘doosra’ and the ‘reverse swing’. Both skills were developed in response to subcontinental conditions: the doosra to counter aggressive batsmen with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make finger-spin obsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive wickets under clear skies. Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia which saw them as an underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket. In time, it came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, everywhere in the world.

One hundred and fifty years ago, the first Indian cricketers, the Parsis, had to struggle to find an open space to play in. Today, the global marketplace has made Indian players the best-paid, most famous and for whom the world is a stage. The history that brought about this transformation was made up of many smaller changes: the replacement of the gentlemanly amateur by the paid professional, the triumph of the oneday game and twenty twenty as it overshadowed Test cricket in terms of popularity, and the remarkable changes in global commerce and technology. The business of history is to make sense of change overtime.

A new enterprise is developing in publishing related to sports in India. 

There is extensive written work on various sports.

• Many books related to sports and biographies are published. Encylopaedias are being written on sports.
• An independent encyclopaedia is written on exercise. The History of Mallakhamb is recently published.
• Sports magazines are published fortnightly and monthly.
• Many newspapers have allotted a separate section or last pages for news related to sports.
• Shatkar’ was a sports magazine published some years ago. There is ample of literature available on sports.

Correct option: (d) Pompeii

Correct option: (d) Hunting

A tradition of making different type of toys for entertainment is going on since ancient time.

• Toys give us an idea about the cultural and religious development of that period.
• Clay models of forts and the images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj placed on fort gives us an idea about the structures of forts during that period.
• An ivory doll found at Pompeii, an ancient city in Italy, sheds light on Indo-Roman trade and cultural relations.
• The mention of games, toys and flying and dancing dolls in Kathasaritsagara give us an idea about cultural history of toys. In this way, we come to know about cultural history from toys.

Correct option: (c) Sports

1. No sport is limited to any one country. Television and other media channels telecast matches widening the reach of sports in all comejcs, of the world. 

2. International competition Asiad, Paralympics, Cricket Wc watched by people irrespective r part of the world. 

3. World Cup matches of cricket, hockey and football are held. 

4. No country has a monopoly on any sport which means that globalisation has influenced sports.

Wrong pair: Chess – Outdoor game

Wrong pair: Wizard of Hockey – Milkha Singh

Correct option: (d) Kathasaritsagara

• The mere description of a live match is not enough for commentators.
• A commentator should have good knowledge of the history of the game, previous records (who made or who broke) and eminent players in the past as well as events related to different competitions.
• Along with the history and information of the playground, commentator should narrate records made by the players in different matches.
• It will make his commentary interesting. Therefore, it is essential for the commentator to know the history of the game.

Sports and history are closely related with each other.

1. It is a must for a sports writer to know the history of the game he chooses to write on. 

2. In order to write a review on any sport competition, the critic should have knowledge of competitions held in the past. 

3. A comparative study of the skills, techniques and strategies used in the past and developments or improvements in the present makes the review comprehensive.

4. The writer has to resort to history while writing columns or articles on sports events like Olympics or Asiad or any national or international matches. 

5. While commentating on Akashvani and Doordarshan, an expert commentator needs to have good knowledge of the history of the game, previous records of illustrious and eminent players, statistical analysis and historical anecdotes related to the game and players. 

6. Coaches, special experts, selection committee should have information of the players, their strength and weakness and also history of the players in the opposing team. Even players should know history of their competitors.

In short, it is essential to know the history of all the aspects related to sports.

Sports has gained great importance for the following reasons:

• Sports helps us to overcome our pains, worries and sufferings. We feel relaxed and refreshed by playing games.
• Games which involve a lot of physical activity not only provide good exercise but also help in building a tenacious and strong body.
• One. can develop courage; determination and sportsmanship playing games. A sense of cooperation and teamspirit develops when we participate in games which require collective participation.
• Team games also help in developing a leadership! quality.

• Sports are an integral part „ of education. The making of a player begins at school level.
• Many types of sports events are held at the international level. To make the players competent they are given opportunity to play at district, state and national level.
• They are promoted and sponsored by the government and private sectors. Talented and ranking players get State scholarship or National scholarship.
• Seats are reserved for them in colleges and Universities. It has been observed that the foundation of successful players is laid in school life.

Correct option: (d) Wrestling.

Correct option: (d) Mallakhamb.

Yes, Golf games played only by very rich people.

1. The 1970s was the decade in which cricket was transformed. 

2. The dominance of test cricket was ended and one day internationals gained much popularity.

3. ‘Packer’s circus’ was run for 2 years. 

4. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights became a standard part of the post – Packer game. 

5. Cricket was made a marketable game, which could generate huge revenues. 

6. Cricket boards became rich by selling television rights to television companies. 

7. Many companies spent large amount for advertisements. 

8. Continuous television coverage made cricketers celebrities who, besides being paid better by their cricket boards, now made even larger sums of money by making commercials for a wide range of products.

9. Television coverage changed cricket. It expanded the spectators for the game by beaming cricket into small towns and villages. 

10. A global market for cricket is created.

Yes, Chedugudu.

1. Sport of only girls: Thokkudu billa 

2. Sport of only boys: Marbles.

Yes is like to play games.

Nationalism: A patriotic feeling often to an extensive degree.

Sponsors: Those who support a person, organization, or activity by giving money, encouragement, or other help.

Television channels made money by selling television spots to companies who were happy to pay large sums of money to advertise their products to cricket’s captive television audience.

Colonial: A person or who lives in a colony

Hockey is another popular game in India.

Sports develop us mentally and physically. 

Sports promote national integration in India, a multi-cultural country.

A country or region under the rule of some other country conducting sports.

Global Commerce: The activity of buying and selling on a large scale in the world.

West Indies are the Carribean Islands. They were present from 1958 to 1962 only on that name. At present some of them were sovereign islands, some are parts of St. Kitts and Nevis, some are dependable on UK and some on Dutch and one on U.S. So there is no single country called West Indies. “USIAN BOLT’ is the best Athlete in running. He is from Jamaica Islands.

Sports develop us mentally and physically. The government initiates various programmes for encouraging the children by recognizing their talent and interests at the school level. The government organises coaching classes to develop sports. For this, under the Ministry of Human Resources Development, the Department of Sports and Games trains the children to show their performance up to international levels. The skilled children are chosen and provided special training through sports councils. The government conducts Mandal, Division, District, State, Zonal and National level competitions. The winners are awarded with prizes and special coaches are appointed for their empowerment. These competitions are not organized for commercial purposes. They develop the cult towards sports and games as well as international understanding, cultural development and universal brotherhood. Sports promote national integration in India, a multi cultural country.

Debate:

Ramya: 

Divya, do you know sports increases the prestige of the Nation!

Divya:

May be, but other issues also should be considered for the increase of prestige of the Nation.

Ramya: 

What are those issues and why so ? 

Divya: 

Because, the growth and development of the Nation not only depends on sports but on other issues like Education, IT, Business Management etc. 

Ramya: 

Really! 

Divya: 

Yes. Education is also important along with the sports. 

Ramya: 

Ok. I agree with you. 

Conclusion: 

A Nation’s prestige does not increase only by sports. It depends on so many issues.

Correct option: (b) Mary Kom.

Khokho – Volleyball, Badminton.

Badminton game do you like best.

• The process of globalisation has influenced the field of sports in the 20th-21st century.
• International matches of various sports like Cricket, Football, etc. are*telecast in every corner of the world.
• Fans watch these matches for entertainment,r and aspiring players to learn more.
• Retired players get a chance on television channels as commentators.
• Matches garner a large audience, hence the commercial companies look at it as an opportunity to advertise and sell their products.
• All these factors have led to change in the structure of sports economy.

While making a movie on sports the makers should have complete information of the. sport as well as its history.

1. Nowadays special research teams are appointed by production houses which do thorough research on the subject of the movie. 

2. In order to gather information on the sportsperson or the sport it is essential to study books, articles, columns written by eminent sports writers. 

3. If the movie is on a sportsperson, all interviews published in national and international magazines and newspapers should be read. 

4. Factors such as period, type of equipment used, sports wear, dressing style, social life needs to be studied.

5. General understanding of the people about the game, practises and famous sportspersons is required.

Correct option: (c) Major Dhyan Chand

• The presence of sports was limited to a scene in the movies made earlier.
• In recent times, biographical movies are made on sportspersons and on sports.
• Movies like Lagaan and Dangal are made related to cricket and wrestling respectively.
• Biographical movies are made on Mary Kom, and the Phogat sisters.
• Movies are made on careers of famous sprinter Milkha Singh.
• Bharat Ratna Sachin Tendulkar and Cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni.
• Overall, movies and sports are related from the silent era till date.

Correct option: (a) Hockey

• Toys and festivals are inter-related since ancient times.
• Toys are used for decoration in different cultures and religions during festivals.
• In some cultures toys are distributed as gifts. Santa Claus gifts children toys during Christmas.
• As part of Diwali celebration in Maharashtra, model forts are made displaying images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, his soldiers and animals which are toys.
• Clay images of snakes and bullocks are- sold during festivals like Bail pola and Nagpanchami.

• It is a natural instinct in human beings to play. From beginning of civilisation till date man has played different types of games for his entertainment.
• Hunting was a way of obtaining food for the ancient people as well as considered a game.
• Horse and chariot races, wrestling, game of dice (dyut) are mentioned in ancient Indian literary texts and epics.
• Dolls, whistles, toy carts were discovered in the excavations at Harappa. So, it can be said that the history of sports is as old as the history of man.

Experts in history are helpful to write and critically analyse the game.

• Toys and games have been essentially part of entertainment from ancient times. Every I developing society has made toys for the 8 entertainment and education of their children.
• Toys were found at archaeological sites at various places. The toys were made of clay, baked clay, terracotta and ivory.
• Either a mould was used to make the toy or it was fashioned by hand.
• Toys and the material used to make them were indicators of the development and advancement of civilisations.
• An interesting description of flying dolls is found in Kathasaritsagara. The dolls used to fly, made some sound and some danced when a key was pressed.
• Toys give us information about the period it was made, how they were made, religious and 8 cultural practices and technical know-how of the 8 people.

(4) Chess – Outdoor game

1. The history of sports equipment and toys dates back to epic age. The ancient Indian literature and epics mention various games such as games of dice, wrestling, horse and chariot race. 

2. Sports are of two types ‘Indoor Games’ and ‘Outdoor Games’. Indoor games such as chess, card games, dice, carrom, kachkavadya or Indian ludo, Bhatukli were very popular. It can be noted that all of them required equipment to play. 

3. Cards to play card games, dice to play game of dice, a board and pieces to play chess, bunch of seeds or stones to play sagargote; (playing house) to play Bhatukli.

4. Likewise, Outdoor games like marbles, lagori (seven stones), vitti-dandu, bhavare (tops) all require material like marbles, stones, tops, a small and large stick to play. 

5. A Sanskrit play by Shudraka is named as Mrichchhakatika. It means a clay cart. A clay cart was a toy used to play during Harappan period.

6. Kathasaritsagara has very interesting descriptions of games and toys. There are descriptions of flying dolls. There is a mention that on pressing a key some dolls used to fly, some used to dance and some used to make sounds.

Correct option: (a) Thaki