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(i) Cirrus clouds 

(ii) Nimbus clouds 

(iii) Cumulo-nimbus clouds

Solar eclipse will not be seen where there is night.

No, total and annular solar eclipses cannot be seen on the same occasion.

(i) A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the earth while revolving around it.

(ii) On a full moon day if the sun, the earth & the moon, are in a straight line, the orbital path of the moon passes through the dark shadow of the earth.

(iii) If the moon is totally hidden within the shadow, a total lunar eclipse is seen & if only a part of the moon is in the shadow, a partial lunar eclipse is seen.

We can see the phases of the moon from the earth due to the sunlight reflected from the moon.

Solar eclipses can be seen from the moon.

• The moon’s orbit of the revolution is elliptical to that of the earth.
• Hence the distance of the moon from the earth is not the same everywhere along its orbit while revolving.
• When it is the closest to the earth it is said to be in perigee and when it is at the farthest, the position is called apogee.

Half of the moon’s portion is illuminated by the sun, and the other half remains dark. However, only some part of this illuminated portion of the moon can be seen from the earth.

The position of the moon from the Earth is as follows:

• New moon
• Waxing crescent
• 1^st Quarter
• Waxing Gibbous
• Full moon
• Waning Gibbous
• Last quarter
• Waning crescent

No, humidity is not uniform at all places.

Humidity varies not only with place, but also with time.

The following measures can be taken to eradicate superstition related to eclipses:

• Use of media to create awareness. 
• Parental guidance to help think logically. 
• Teachers guidance to help students develop a scientific outlook. 
• Campaigns, public meetings and lectures especially in rural areas to eradicate superstitions.

Most familiar and common form of precipitation is water drops. This is the rainfall.

1. Cirrus clouds 

2. Stratus clouds 

3. Cumulus clouds 

4. Nimbus clouds

When we observe the sky, we can identify 4 types of clouds. They are

1. Cirrus clouds 

2. Stratus clouds 

3. Cumulus clouds 

4. Nimbus clouds

The sun rays coming from the sun to the earth is insolation. It can take place only in the day time. The surface of the earth is heated by the process of terrestrial radiation and this heat is transferred to the atmosphere. This transfer takes place mostly at night.

The maximum intensity of the sun’s rays is at 12 noon. But the maximum temperature of the atmosphere is felt at about 2 in the afternoon because it takes about two hours to heat the atmosphere by the terrestrial radiation. That is why the maximum temperature of the day is recorded at 2 in the afternoon.

Similarly, the atmospheric temperature decreases very slowly. It is only after 4 in the morning that the atmospheric temperature falls. The minimum temperature of a day is recorded at 5 in the morning (just before sunrise).

The earth receives energy from the sun. The incoming solar radiation is called insolation. The sun’s rays reach the earth as short waves. They do not heat the atmosphere directly. Heat is transferred from the surface of the earth to the outer space in the form of long waves. This process is terrestrial radiation. The atmosphere is heated by this process.

(a) Heat Budget 

(b) 35 units 

(c) 51 units 

(d) 14 units 

(e) 17 units 

(f) 48 units 

(g) 65 units 

(h) 65 units

Carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone are the gases that can absorb terrestrial radiation. The atmosphere is heated by terrestrial radiation.

Heat transfer in the atmosphere takes place due to four processes: 

Conduction – The sun’s rays reach the earth as short waves. The incoming solar radiation is called as insolation. Insolation does not heat the atmosphere directly as it passes through. The earth’s surface gets heated due to insolation. This heat is transferred to the part of the atmosphere close to the hot surface of the earth. 

Convection- Heated air expands and rises up. Cold air in the upper part of the atmosphere comes down, gets heated and rises up again. This circular process heats the atmosphere.

Advection – It is the horizontal transfer of heat through wind. Hot wind that blows to a region increases the temperature in that region. Similarly, cold wind that blows to a region reduces the temperature in that region. 

Terrestrial Radiation- The re-radiation of energy from the surface of the earth back to the outer space in the form of long waves is called terrestrial radiation.

When the temperature falls below 0° Celsius, precipitation reaches the earth in the form of tiny crystals of ice. This is snowfall. If the water droplets released from the clouds happen to passthrough colder layers of the atmosphere, they may reach the earth in the form of ice pellets. This form of precipitation is called hailstones.

Answer is Thermometer

• Orographic rain
• Convectional rain
• Border rain

(i) Diurnal range temperature 

(ii) Daily mean temperature

It can be inferred that the range of temperatures will be higher at places away from the sea and vice versa. Temperature remains moderate at places close to the sea. This is because the heating of land causes wind to blow from sea to land and cooling of land causes wind to blow from land to sea. Since Kerala in located near to sea, the state experiences moderate temperatures.

The balance between insolation and terrestrial radiation is called heat budget.

• As the shape of the earth is round all places on the earth do not get the same amount of solar energy.
• The places in between the tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn get vertical rays of the sun.
• The temperature will be high in this region.
• The places in between the tropic of cancer and arctic circle in northern hemisphere and tropic of Capricorn and antarctic circle in southern hemisphere get slanting rays.
• So the temperature will not be high.
• The places in between the arctic circle and north pole and antarctic circle and south pole get very much inclined rays of the sun.
• So these regions experience very low temperatures.

The regions between the tropic of cancer and arctic circle in the northern hemisphere and tropic of Capricorn and antarctic circles in southern hemisphere are the temperate zones. Slanting sunrays fall on temperate zones. So less heat is experienced here. The summer is warm, mild and comfortable but the winter is severe.

The regions between the arctic circle and north pole and antarctic circle and south pole are the frigid zones. Here the sun’s rays are very much inclined and so, the heat received by this region is comparatively very low.

The winds influence the temperature of a place. While the hot winds raise the temperature of a place and the cold winds reduce the temperature.

Answer is Convection

The earth receives energy from the sun. The incoming solar radiation is called insolation.

• There are both continents and oceans in the northern hemisphere. There exists difference in the heating of land and water. Compared to the oceans, the land area becomes hot soon. So the isotherms in the northern hemisphere are more curved.
• Oceans constitute the most part of the southern hemisphere. Land area is very small there.
• So the isotherms in the southern hemisphere are almost parallel to the Equator.

Answer is Isotherms

If isotherms are plotted by connecting the places having the highest temperature on earth it will run almost parallel to the equator. Such an imaginary line is called thermal equator.

• The maximum-minimum thermometer is the instrument for measuring the maximum and minimum temperature in a day.
• Here the two thermometers are connected using a U – shaped glass tube.
• The mercury-filled in the maximum thermometer expands with rise in temperature and pushes up the metal indicator.
• The indicator remains at the position showing the maximum temperature of the day.
• According to the position of the indicator the maximum temperature can be read at any time during a day.
• The minimum thermometer has alcohol-filled above the indicator.
• When the temperature falls the indicator is pushed up as the alcohol contract.
• The minimum temperature can bread from the position of the indicator at any time.

The actual amount of water present in the atmosphere is called absolute humidity. It is measured as the amount of water vapor present per cubic meter volume of air (g/m³).

Answer is Normal Lapse Rate

Through the heat balancing process, the surface temperature of the earth is kept balanced. The highest heat in the day and the highest cold at night would . have experienced if there was no heat balancing process. Flora and fauna on earth could not have existed.

During summer, high temperature prevails over the land compared to the sea and during winter, the condition is reversed. The bending of isotherms is due to the differential heating of land and water.

• Evaporation is the process that brings water content to the atmosphere. Temperature affects the rate of evaporation.
• Evaporation is high when temperature is high.

• Water content is greater in the atmosphere near the coastal areas where the temperature is high.
• The reason is the high rate of evaporation.
• In the atmosphere over the deserts, there is very little water content. It is because only very little water is available there.
• The drier the air, the greater is the rate of evaporation.

During summer, high temperature prevails over the land compared to the sea and in winter, low temperature is experienced.

The bending of isotherms is due to the differential heating of land and water. Inland areas during summer the isotherms bend facing the poles, and in the oceanic region, isotherms bend facing the equator. During winter the condition is reversed.

• Pressure
• Cloud
• Wind
• Precipitation

(i) The temperature is not the same at different places on the same day.

(ii) The temperature at a place will be different in summer season and winter season. It can be seen from the above figures. Figure A shows winter season and figure B shows summer season in India.

Thus at a place temperature in different in both the seasons.

Answer is form and height

• Dew
• Mist/fog
• Frost
• Cloud

Take a steel glass. Fill it with lime juice. Add an ice cube and stir the glass gently. Continue the process. After some time, drops of water begin to form on the side of the glass. Water drops appear on the cold side (outside) of the glass due to the process of condensation.

Correct option is: (c)

Correct option is: (c)

Axial and orbital motion.