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Nicolaus Copernicus was proposed sun-centric theory.

Claudius Ptolemy proposed geocentric theory.

Circum navigation, Sunrise and Sunset, The Bradford experiment and the circular horizon are the evidences of spherical shape of the earth.

Asia & Australia.

A continent is a large continuous mass of land that exists above sea level. There are seven, major continents Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

Two places situated geometrically on opposite sides of the earth.

The hypothetical shape of the earth, coinciding with mean sea level and its imagined extension under land areas. The earth is not a complete sphere, but is slightly flattened at the poles and bul ging the equator. So die shape of the earth is called ‘Geoid’.

Oceans are the large expanse of water covering large area of the earth’s surface. There are four major oceans namely, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

A line that bisects areas on the earth receiving sunlight and those areas in darkness cuts the spherical earth into lighted and dark halves.

The two types of earth movements are Rotation and Revolution.

Average speed of the rotation of earth near equator is 1670 km/hr.

Foucault’s Experiment

The earth maintained 23 degree to its perpendicular throughout the orbit of the earth. This feature is described as parallelism of earth’s axis.

Revolution, Causes Seasons.

Seasons refer to periods of a year which have some peculiar climatic conditions. They are caused due to the revolution of the earth.

Summer Solstice occur on June 21st, due to the Earth’s inclination.

The equator divides the Earth into two hemispheres known as Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere.

The total area of water 368sq.km (70.9%)

5 . 517 g cm.

The length of Equator is 40,076 km.

The velocity of die earth at the equator 1600km per hour

Equator is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into two hemispheres.

The orbit of Earth lies between Venus and Mars.

The velocity of the earth at the polar is zero.

The equatorial circumference of the Earth 40,076km

Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere are the three important realms of the Earth.

The earth is the fifth largest planet in terms of size.

The polar circumference of the Earth is 40,006km

149.1 sq.km (29.1%)

Four planets are larger than the earth i. e Jupiter Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

The arrangement of land and water bodies on the earth is called ‘Antipodal balance’. 

Earth is situated at a distance of about 150 million kms from the sun.

The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals and human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life supporting gases, atmosphere water cycle etc. It is the only planet that supports life, that is why it is called ‘Living Planet’.

Earth is called a ‘Watery Planet’ due to abundance of water which covers about 71% of the surface of the Earth.

Earth is a unique planet in the solar system.

Earth is a unique planet because it has large variety of life forms ranging from microscopic plant and animal organism to the largest of trees and animals.

60% of land area

The Northern Hemisphere has 60% of land and 40% of water. Therefore it is called the ‘Land Hemisphere. The Southern hemisphere has 81% of water and 19 % of land in the Southern hemisphere. So it is called the ‘Water Hemisphere’.

Mount Everest (8850 mtr-Nepal) is the tallest mountain in die world. The challenger deep in the Marina trench (10898 mtr) near the Philippine Island in the Pacific Ocean is the deepest part of the ocean in the world.

Equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12,75tton and Polar diameter of the Earth is 12,714km

• Inequality of day and night. 
• Occurrence of seasons. 
• Distribution of important lines of latitude. 
• Different climatic zones

An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as ‘Ferrel’s law’.

The actual period of one Rotation is 23hr 56 min and 4.09 sec or 24 hours.

The fixed path on which the Earth revolves round the Sun is known as Orbit.

The period of rotation 23hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds is known as “Sidereal Day”.

The Earth takes 365 days, 6hours 9 minutes and 9.5 seconds to complete one revolution. This period is known as Sidereal Year.

Norway is known as the ‘Land of the Mid-night Sun’ because Sun does not go below the horizon or come above it on 21st June. It moves at a low elevation from horizon-to-horizon. Although its altitude is very low, it continues shinning longer for all the 24 hours.

The lime calculated from the local noon of a place is called the local time. The time of the standard meridian is called standard time. 

The Torrid Zone The zone stretches between 23’/2°N and south latitudes and more or less receives the vertical rays of the sun. As a result, this region experiences moderately warm climate throughout the year. The Temperate zone: In between the Torrid and the frigid zones i.e., between 23'/2°N and South and 66’/2°N and S lies the Temperate Zone. In this zone the sun’s rays fall obliquely and hence the region experiences a moderate climate. 

July 4th the earth is far from the sun and is said to be in Aphelion position. Aph means away and hellion means Sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 152 million km.