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1. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India.

2. The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 30 other judges.

3. The judges of the High Court retire at the age of 62 years.

4. The courts at the district level and below it are known as the subordinate courts.

5. The Chief Justice of India is J.S. Khehar.

(a) Supreme Court

Fatawa – i – Alamgiri written in 1670.

(d) All of the above

Lok Adalats are becoming popular because they provide affordable and speedy justice.

(a) Original Jurisdiction: A High Court can hear the cases brought for the first time or we can say original cases if they are concerned with disputes regarding Fundamental rights and election petitions.

(b) Appellate Jurisdiction: A High Court has Appellate Jurisdiction where it can hear appeals against judgments passed in Subordinate Courts. The High Court can review and change decisions taken in the Subordinate Courts. 

(c) The High Court can review and change decisions taken in the subordinate courts. It can also transfer a case from one court to another. A High Court also controls and supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.

Nyaya Panchayat tries petty civil and criminal cases at the village level. They can impose fines up to 100 Rs. only and appeals can be made against decisions taken in the Nyaya Panchayat, to higher courts.

In order to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services, Lok Adalats have been set up.

The courts at the district level and below it are known as the subordinate courts. The administration of justice is conducted by two types of courts civil courts and criminal courts. 

The civil courts are the one which decides cases pertaining to money, contracts, marriage, etc. A District Judge is the head of the judiciary in a district. His decisions are final. When the District Judge deals with criminal cases, he is known as the Sessions Judge.

Nyaya Panchayat is a small law court at the village level which tries petty civil and criminal cases such as trespassing, personal disputes, minor thefts etc.

1. In India there is a single unified system of courts for the Indian Union and the states.

2. The Supreme Court of India is located in New Delhi.

3. To qualify for the post of a judge in the Supreme Court, a person must either be an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years or a judge of a High Court for five years’ standing.

4. The High Court controls and supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.

5. The records of the High Court serve as references for lower courts in future cases.

Civil cases are those which concern property disputes, contracts, marriage, divorce, etc. The criminal case is those where a crime has been committed e.g., murder, theft, etc.

A writ is a form of written command, or legal document giving order or direction to a person to act or not to act in a particular way. Some of the writs are the writs of Habeus Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto, etc.

Supreme Court and High Courts protect Fundamental Rights from being eroded. 

They issue the following writs to the offending party: 

1. Habeous Corpus: It can get the body of any person released if it has been illegally captured. 

2. Prohibition: This is an order from a superior court to an inferior court to stop proceedings in a case which might be contemplating to do in excess of its jurisdiction. 

3. Certiorari: The writ is issued by a superior court to judicial or quasi-judicial authorities in order to quash its order or decision. The difference between Prohibition and Certiorari is that while the former is issued when certain proceedings are still going on, the latter is issued only when the order has already been passed. 

4. Mandamus: It literally means ‘we command’. This writ is thus a sort of command from a superior court to a subordinate court or an administrative authority in case they refuse to exercise their jurisdiction and fail to perform their duty. 

5. Quo Warranto: Such a type of writ is issued by a court to a public servant to inquire into the legality of his holding a public office and to oust him if his claim is not well-founded. Then this writ prevents an unlawful claimant from holding a superior public office.

The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and not more than thirty other judges. The number of judges in the Supreme Court is fixed by parliament from time to time.

Judiciary is important because criminals and law breakers need to be punished. It is important to explain the meaning of laws, to interpret them and to apply them when and where needed. Legal disputes need to be settled. Without judiciary legal disputes cannot be settled.

The Supreme Court can advise the President, on request, on legal and constitutional issues. The President may or may not accept the advice.

(c) Revenue Courts

These records serve as references in future cases.

Role of Judiciaiy can be classified as,

1. Dispute Resolution:

Role of Judiciary can be classified as, The Judicial system provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between Citizen, Citizens and the government, Two State governments,the Centre and the State governments

2. Judicial Review:

The Judicial has the power to declare a law unconstitutional if it believes that the law passed by the Parliament is violating the basic structure of the Constitution.

3. Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights:

Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court or High Court if they believe that their fundamental rights have been violated

1. Mobile courts will be of great relief to the rural people.

2. It would create greater awareness about the judicial system among the rural masses, cut costs for them and render justice at their doorstep.

It has one Chief Justice and a number of other Judges. Present, the number of Judges including the Chief Justice cannot exceed twenty-five.

The Judge of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers and the Chief Justice of India.

The President appoints the Chief Justice of the High Court and the other judges in consultation with the Governor of the state and the Chief Justice of India.

It is Supreme Court of India.

Sections of society who receive free legal services under the Legal Aid Scheme are:

1. People belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other backward classes.

• People who are mentally ill or disabled.

• Women and children.

Lok Adalats are becoming popular because they provide affordable and speedy justice.

The objective of the Legal Aid Scheme is to provide free legal aid and legal services to the poorer and weaker sections of the society.

Following cases can be directly brought before the Supreme Court:

1. If there are disputes between the Union Government and a State Government or more than one State Government.

2. Cases concerning the violation of the Constitution by the Government or an individual.

(a) Original jurisdiction

(c) Both (i) and (ii)

Tele Law service is for the people in rural areas.

(c) Both (i) and (ii)

The different levels of courts in India are 

1. Subordinate Courts. 

2. District Courts. 

3. High Court and 

4. Supreme Court

1. Judiciary plays an important role as an organ of the government.

2. It administers justice, settles disputes, interprets laws, protects fundamental rights and acts as guardian of the Constitution.

3. So we need a judiciary to be efficient in order to ensure proper justice.

(c) Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.

It safeguards the Constitution in two ways:

1. It can cancel a law or an executive order if it is found to violate the Constitution.

2. It can issue write (orders or directions) for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.