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1. The society that adhered to four vama system was patriarchal.

2. ‘Manu’ was in force.

3. Women should be under the protection of their father, husband or eldest son.

4. Polygamy was widely prevalent. The kings and feudatory lords often had more than one wife.

5. Sati was practised during the Gupta rule.

1. Fire : Massive forest fires may start in hot and dry weather as a result of lightning and human carelessness or from other causal factors.

2. Destruction of buildings : Demolition of buildings by human activities. 3. Accidents in industries : Chemical, biological accidents that occur due to human error, (e.g.) Bhopal gas tragedy.

4. Accidents in Transport : Violation of road rules, carelessness cause accidents

5. Terrorism : The social unrest or differences in principles leads to terrorism

6. Stampede : The term stampede is a sudden rush of a crowd of people, usually resulting in injuries and death from suffocation and trampling.

Disaster Risk Reduction : 

1. The practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters. 

2. There are four key approaches to public awareness for disaster risk reduction.

3. Campaigns, participatory learning, informal education, and formal school based interventions.

The effects of the floods are : 

1. Destruction of drainage system 

2. Water pollution 

3. Soil erosion 

4. Stagnation of water 

5. Loss of agricultural land and cattle 

6. Loss of life and spread of contagious diseases.

1. In order to avoid great losses and fatality affected by flooding, an evacuation route is to be found out.

2. A study of non physical mitigation, i.e. to establish some alternatives of evacuation routes to some temporary shelters is to be conducted well in advance.

3. A research on the selected several evacuation routes, with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) can be done.

4. The research can be conducted by analyzing the flood magnitude, inundation area, population density, settlement concentration, temporary shelter locations, topographic condition and existing road system.

1. Drinking water containers.

2. Food that does not require cooking.

3. Cash.

4. Medications and first aid supplies.

5. Clothing, Blanket, toiletries.

6. Battery-powered radio.

7. Flashlights.

8. Extra batteries.

9. Important documents:

insurance papers, medical records, bank account numbers.

Precaution measures:

1. Listen to the weather reports from Radio, TV, etc.

2. Do not wait until you see rising water.

3. Get out of low areas subject to flooding.

4. If driving, do not drive through flooded roadways!

Be prepared to evacuate:

1. Identify places to go.

2. Identify alternative travel routes that are not prone to flooding.

Protect your property:

1. Move valuables and furniture to higher levels.

2. Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch them if you are wet or standing in water.

3. Bring outside possessions indoors or tie them down securely.

4. Seal vents to basements to prevent flooding.

1. Manmade 

2. Natural 

3. focus 

4. openings/vents 

5. Tsunami 

6. Cyclones 

7. 2007

8. flash floods 

9. Mitigation 

10. rain water

1. Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can either infiltrate or run off.

2. The excess accumulates in place, sometimes to hazardous depths.

3. Surface soil can become saturated, which effectively stops infiltration, where the water table is shallow, such as a floodplain, or from intense rain from one or a series of storms.

4. Infiltration also is slow to negligible through frozen ground, rock, concrete.

5. Areas near water bodies such as lake, river, etc. are also affected by flood.

(i) An overflow of a large amount of water, beyond its normal limits, especially on the rainfed areas is called a flood.

(ii) During floods – Do’s.

(a) To find out the settlement area whether it is to be affected by flood or not.

(b) Keeping radio, torch and additional batteries, storing drinking water, dry foods items, salt and sugar. Safeguarding materials like kerosene, candle, match box, clothes and valuable things.

(c) Keeping umbrella and bamboo poles.

(d) Keeping first aid box and strong ropes to bind things.

(e) To dig canals from the farm land, to drain the excessive water, keeping sand bags etc. 

(iii) During floods – Don’ts.

(a) Try to connect electricity once it is cut.

(b) Operate vehicles.

(c) Swim against floods.

(d) Avoid going on excursions.

(e) Neglect flood warning messages.

(c) I is correct.

(c) Avalanches – (iii) ice, snow and rock fall.

1. – iv 

2. – i

3. – v 

4. – ii 

5. – iii

The following are the list of Emergency help line telephone numbers: 

1. Police – 100 

2. Police SMS – 9500099100 

3. Fire Service / Rescue Service – 101 

4. Traffic Police – 103 

5. Accidents – 100,103 

6. Traffic Police SMS – 9840000103 7. Ambulance Service – 102, 108 

8. Women Help line – 1091 

9. Child Help line – 1098 

10. Emergency & Accidents – 1099 

11. Senior Citizen Help line – 1253

12. Emergency Help line in National Highways – 1033 

13. Coastal Emergency Help line – 1093 

14. Blood Bank Emergency Help line – 1910 

15. Eye Bank Emergency Help line – 1919.

1. The latest development which has been discovered in the World Disaster Reports recently is that the disasters have increased in frequency and intensity.

2. India is one of the most disaster-prone countries of the world.

1. The point where an earthquake originate is called its focus.

2. The vertical point at the surface from the focus is called epicentre

Volcanoes are openings or vents where lava, small rocks and steam erupt on to the Earth’s surface.

Tsunami are waves generated by earthquake, volcanic eruptions and underwater landslides.

1. Thunder is a series of sudden electrical discharge resulting from atmospheric conditions.

2. This discharge results in sudden flashes of light and trembling sound waves which are commonly known as thunder and lightning.

A low pressure area which encircled by highpressure wind is called a cyclone.

1. A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society involving human and material loss.

2. Disaster is broadly classified into natural and man-made disasters.

a) Flash floods : Such floods that occur within six hours during heavy rainfall.

b) River floods : Such floods are caused by Precipitation over large catchment areas or by melting of snow.

c) Coastal floods : Sometimes floods are associated with cyclone high tides and tsunami.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, (R) is gives the correct explanation

Causes of floods are :

1. Torrential Rainfall

2. Encroachment of the rivers bank

3. Excessive rainfalls in rivers catchment.

4. Inefficient engineering design in the construction of embankments, dams, and canals.