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15-64 years age group is called the productive age group

Correct option is (B) 2015

To provide employment to rural people residing in backward districts of country.

Correct option is (B) Family relations

Correct option is (B) 5 years

Capital intensive production technique:

• In India, land is scarce whereas labour is abundant.
• In such a condition India should have adopted labour intensive production techniques to grovide employment at a large scale. But, from second five year plan, India focused on developing of heavy and basic industries which are capital intensive and not labour intensive.
• Even while preparing plans, India gave more importance to capital intensive production techniques rather than labour intensive techniques.
• Mechanization was given more importance in industries as well as in agriculture
• Even in industries in order to increase productivity and to remain hassle free from labour problems industrialists adopt such policies and practices where in work can be done with minimal labour.
• Railway, irrigation, roads, construction, public sector, etc. all use capital intensive techniques of production. As a result unemployment problem becomes intense.
• Owing to these reasons even the Bhagwati Committee and Venkataraman Committee which were formed to study unemployment recommended using less of mechanization.

Poor infrastructural facilities like education, health, housing, electricity, roads, and technical training center.

Low rate of savings and investments:

Although national income increased during the planning periods, population also grew at a fast rate. So, the per capita national income increased at a lower rate as compared to national income.

Owing to low per capita income and expenses to be incurred to provide the basic necessities to the large population India’s savings and investment remained low.

Hence, India could not make adequate investment in industry, agriculture or other sectors and so could not create much employment opportunities.

Majority of Indians live in rural areas. Our population is constantly rising but the job opportunities are not rising at same rate. So, a very large number of people depend on agriculture for getting employed.

The number i.e. the supply exceeds the demand. Even if some labourers are removed from agriculture the overall agricultural productivity will not be affected. Hence, rural areas experience disguised unemployment.

Moreover, the labourers in agriculture sector gets work only during sowing and harvesting season and so they remain unemployed rest of the time.

Also, monsoon is irregular and we lack proper irrigational facilities.

As a result, India also faces seasonal unemployment.

Unemployment in education sector can be reduced by providing business-oriented education in the field of trade, commerce, business, agriculture and other fields to students. Moreover, practical training should be provided so that after getting such education students can easily get employment.

Correct option is (A) Labour intensive

Present education system in India fails in mental and physical formation of human being. Even after acquiring education, the people are incapable of fulfilling the need of industries or generate self-employment and hence remain unemployed.

Under unemployment:

• When labourers cannot utilize their capabilities fully and for certain period accept less capable job they are said to be underemployed. For example, a computer engineer taking up job in a garage.
• When a labourer is willing and ready to work for certain years or days but gets work for less number of years or days even then he is said underemployed.
• For example, a worker working in industry or agricultural land gets work only for 5 hours instead of 8 hours then he is said to underemployed.
• Seasonal unemployment seen in agriculture sector in rural India is an example of underemployment the seasonal unemployment. The labour in agriculture sector gets work only during sowing and harvesting season and so he remains unemployed rest of the time.
• Another reason for this type of unemployment is that Indian agriculture is primarily based on monsoon.
• Hence, areas where irrigational facilities are not well developed, people belonging to agriculture sector face seasonal unemployment.

Meaning of Unemployment:

• Unemployment: A person is ready and capable of working at current wage rate but does not get works is considered unemployed. A situation of such unemployed persons in the society is called unemployment.
• According to Prof. Pigou: A person can be called unemployed only when he is willing to work but is not able to find work.
• Unwilling Unemployment or Compulsory Nature of Unemployment: A person is eager and ready to work at current wage rate but is deprived of work then he is said to be unwillingly unemployed and such situation is called unwilling unemployment.
• Voluntary Unemployment: A person is not willing and ready to work at current wage rate and he is not getting work then he is said to be voluntarily unemployed and such situation is called voluntary unemployment.

The term unemployment is understood in terms of supply of active labour force.

• Active labour force includes people in the age group of 15 to 64 years.
• Unemployment is not only an economic problem but it can create social, ethical and political problems.

The persons who are ready to work at current wage rate and posses qualification too, but do not get any job are said to be ‘fully unemployed’ or ‘openly unemployed’. Such situation of unemployment is called open unemployment.

• People suffering from open unemployment are educated or less trained / skilled persons.
• Open employment can be seen more among the age group 15 to 25 years.

1. Open unemployment,
2. Under-employment,
3. Disguised unemployment,
4. Cyclical unemployment and
5. Frictional unemployment

Types of unemployment:

1. Open unemployment
2. Under-employment
3. Disguisea unemployment
4. Cyclical unemployment
5. Frictional unemployment

Types of Unemployment: Unemployment of Developed Countries: In developed countries lack of effective demand for short-term resulted from trade cycle creates

• Cyclical unemployment and
• Frictional unemployments

Unemployment of Developing Countries: Unemployment of developing country like India is structural in nature and for long-term.

Shri Raj Krishna Committee Report 2011-12 has given four measures to know the nature and types of unemployment as follows:

• Time: Getting work for less than 28 hours a week is said to be intensively unemployed, whereas getting work for more than 28 hours and less than 42 hours a weak is considered as less intense unemployed.
• Income: A person getting very less income which cannot solve his poverty is poor from income point of view.
• Willingness: A person does not get job as per his eligibility and gets very less income from the job then he is underemployed.
• Productivity: When a labourer is working with less than his actual efficiency then production is less than that of his productive capacity.

Correct option is (B) Agriculture

India measures the rate of unemployment on the basis of time, income, agreement and productivity.

Correct option is (D) All of these

The countries in which both labour supply and urbanization increase at a faster rate experience high rate of ‘open unemployment’.

18% population is involved in salaried employment.

Brain-drain is one way movement where Indian intelligence/knowledge moves from India to foreign countries. Intelligent people migrate from India and use their brains i. e. intellect for other countries and India faces brain-drain.

Current Weekly Status.

We can calculate open/ full employment by

1. Obtaining number of people registered in employment exchange center,
2. Through sample survey of labour supply and
3. Through Census.

Correct option is (A) Towns

Capitalist economy is an economy where all factors of production are owned by private sector and decisions regarding production are taken by market mechanism, keeping in mind the objective of profit.

Correct option is (B) 15 – 25 years

Correct option is (A) Cyclical unemployment

Correct option is (B) Underemployment

• India has a very large population. So, every year there is a large supply of labourers in the market which keeps on increasing.
• On the contrary, because of structural limitations in our economy, employment rises at a low rate. This gives rise to problem of long term unemployment.
• Such a type of unemployment cannot be solved overnight. It can be solved by bringing major changes in the structure of the economy. This can be done only introducing long term economic, social and political changes and by developing extensive intra-structural facilities.
• Hence, the problem of unemployment is quite serious in India.

 “Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev Jayate Yojana” started 16th October, 2014

Extending infrastructural facilities:

It is a known fact that Indian rural areas have ioss employment opportunities than urban areas. One of the major reasons responsible for this is poor infrastructural facilities in rural area.

Solution:

• Government should make effort to extend infrastructural services like education, health, housing, electricity, roads, technical training center at rural areas. By doing so, people residing in rural areas can get employment near their residence itself.
• Development of infrastructural facilities will give rise to new employment opportunities. Moreover, this will also help in generating employment in agriculture and allied sector.

1. Disharmony between developmental format and employment growth. 

2. Increase in population and labour supply.

1. High rate of increase in labour supply,
2. Slow rise in employment opportunities,
3. Low saving and investment and
4. Limitation of education system.

The rising population keeps on rapidly supplying the labourers who are then in continuous search of employment. On the other hand, employment opportunities do not increase at the same rate.

When a person moves from one place to another or from one business to another business for employment it is known as mobility of labour.

The total number of employed and unemployed people able and willing to work is called the labour supply of any economy.

The production technique that makes more use of labour rather than capital for producing goods and services is called labour intensive production technique.

The production technique that makes more use of capital rather than labour for producing goods and services is called capital intensive production technique.

In India, land and capital is scarce whereas labour is abundant.

• The population grows at a fast rate and hence labour supply keeps on increasing. On the other hand the employment opportunities do not grow at the same rate. This keeps a large number of labour unemployed.
• In such a condition India should adopt labour intensive production techniques to provide employment at a large scale.
• When Bhagwati Committee and Venkataraman Committee were formed to study unemployment they also recommended using less of mechanization and using labour intensive techniques.
• Industries such as consumer goods, small and medium scale industries and business and trade, animal husbandry, dairy development, etc. have huge potential to employ a large of labourers as contrast to large mechanized industries.
• Hence, labour intensive technique is more applicable for India.

Correct option is (C) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Due to social reasons, family bonding, language barrier, religion and cultural constraints, casteism, lack of awareness, lack of transportation facilities, and easy availability of suitable housing, etc. Moreover, people with high education do not prefer to work in rural areas.

Correct option is (A) Lack of vocational education

Correct option is (D) Illiteracy