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(b)  petiote

Sarracenia is an example for pitcher. 

(a) megasporophyll

Rolling or folding of individual leaves is called ptyxis.

(b) evergreen

Isobilateral leaf is seen in grass.

(b) xerophytes

In plants like Ficus heterophylla leaves vary from entire to variously lobed structures during different developmental stages. Young leaves are usually lobed or dissected and the mature leaves are entire. Such type is known as developmental heterophylly

If the trunk of a plant remains unbranched it is said to be caudex. e.g.. Palmyra and coconut.

Occurence of two different kinds of leaves in the same plants is called heterophylly. Heterophylly is an adaptation of aquatic plants.

(d) hydrophytes

(b) Lithophytes

(c) submerged

(b) psammophytes

(a) External morphology

(c) Musacese

(b) Euphorbia

(d) monocots

Therophyte is a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season.

(a) morphology

(b) Fabaceae

Definition: Micro green are miniature plants of greens, herbs or vegetables. They arc rich nutrient source and also added as flavouring agent in food. 

Growing micro greens in classroom:

• Step 1. Take a shallow tray.
• Step 2. Place a inch of organic potting soil in the bottom of tray
• Step 3. Scatter the seeds (celery, lettuce, etc.) over the soil surface.
• Step 4. Sprinkle some water. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil.
• Step 5. Place the whole setup near the lighted window.
• Step 6. Within a day or two, seeds with germinate.
• Step 7. Maintain the moisture of soil. Greens can be harvested within 2 – 3 weeks.

Traditional medicines: Ayurvcda, Siddha, Unani, Acupuncture, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Chinese or oriental medicine.

Arrangement of veins on lamina is called venation.

Perennial and some biennial herbs have underground stems, which are generally known as root stocks. Root stock functions as a storage and protective organ.

The secondary rachii are called as pinnae

(a) Free floating plant – e.g Pistia. 

(b) Submerged plant – e.g: Hydrilla 

(c) Mangroves – e.g: Avicennia 

(d) Emergent – e.g: Typha

Mango leaf is a simple leaf. A simple leaf is the one, where the petiole bears a single lamina.

(c) orthostichies

(c) arrangement

(b) verticillate

The three distinct zones of root: 

1. Meristematic Zone 

2. Zone of Elongation 

3. Zone of Maturation

Phyllotaxy is to avoid over crowding of leaves and expose the leaves maximum to the sunlight for photosynthesis.

Root develops from the radicle which is the first structure that comes out when a seed is placed in the soil.

(b) Borassus flabellifer

Pinnate Unicostate Venation and Palmate Multicostate Venation: 

1. Pinnate unicostate venation: In pinnate unicostate there is only one prominent midrib. 

2. Palmate multicostate venation: In palmate multicostate there are many midribs running parallel to each other.

When the leaf is more or less cylindrical and directed upwards or downwards, as in pine and onion, etc., the leaf is said to be centric.

In some grasses (Monocots) an additional out growth is present between leaf base and lamina. It is called ligule.

Branching pattern is determined by the relative activity of apical meristem.

The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem is known as phyllotaxy. 

There are 4 types of phyllotaxy: 

1. Alternate 

2. Opposite 

3. Temate and 

4. Whorled.

Bulb is a condensed, conical or convex stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves. 

There are two types: 

1. Tunicated (coated) bulb and 

2. Scaly bulb.

The two primary functions of roots: 

1. Absorption of water and nutrients from soil. 

2. Anchorage of plants in soil.

The arrangement of veins and veinlets on the leaf blade or lamina is called venation. 

Venation is classified into two types:

1. Reticulate venation and 

2. Parallel venation.

Therophyte is a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season. e.g. Peas.

When the leaf is directed vertically upwards, as in many monocotyledons, it is said to be ‘ isobilateral leaf. 

Example: Grass.

In legumes leaf base become broad, thick and swollen which is known as pulvinus. e.g., Clitoria.

(b)  pulvinus

The mode of arrangement of branches on a stem is known as branching. 

There are two main types of branching:

1. Lateral branching and 

2. Dichotomous branching.

Stipules are the two lateral appendages develop at the leaf base of dicot plants. Stipules protects the leaf in bud condition.

Mcsophytes, serophytes, psammophytes and lithophytes.