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Collin Mackenzie was appointed first Surveyor General of India to the Madras Presidency in 1810.

Correct A Answer is" a) Gadugina Bharatha

1. Sri Krishna Devaraya was not only a great warrior but also a good administrator. 

2. He took the help of his minister Saluva Timmarusu, known as Appaji, in reorganizing the administrative system. 

3. The chief adviser to the king was Prime Minister. ‘ 

4. Council of Ministers assisted the king in administration. 

5. He maintained friendly relations with the foreigners. 

6. He respected all religions. 

7. He was a great patron of literature and art. 

8. He maintained Ashtadiggajas, a great 8 poets in his court.

9. The empire was divided into different administrative units called Mandalas, Nadus, Sthalas and finally into Gramas.

1. The Reddy rulers patronised and protected Hinduism and its institutions. 

2. Telugu literature blossomed under the Reddy kings. 

3. The administration was carried according to the “Dharmasutras”. 

4. One sixth of agricultural surplus was levied as tax.

5. Under the reign of Anapota Reddy, customs-duty and taxes on trade were lifted. 

6. Sea trade was carried through the port Motupalli. 

7. Celebrating “Vasantosavalu” was revived during the rule of Anavema Reddy. 

8. Caste systerp was observed.

b) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

1. The temple building activity of the Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style called the Vijayanagar style. 

2. Though often characterized as Dravida style, it had its own distinct features. 

3. The distinct features of the architecture were the pillars. 

4. The horse was the most common animal to be depicted on the pillars. 

5. The temples had a Mandapam or Open Pavilion with a raised platform, generally meant for seating the deity on special occasions. 

6. The Rajagopurams, towers in commemoration of the visit of emperors in different corners of the empire are also important examples. 

7. Amman Shrine was meant for the consort of the God.

Correct option is b) Thuluva

Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570): Tuluva dynasty was founded by Vira Narasimha.

• Krishnadevaraya was the greatest ruler of the Vijaynagar kingdom.
• He was the contemporary of Mughal king Babur.
• Albuquerque sent his ambassadors to Krishna Deva Raya.

Sangam dynasty (1336-1485): Sangam dynasty was founded by Harihar and Bukka.

• Devaraya II was the greatest ruler of the Sangam dynasty.
• Devaraya II recruited Muslim soldiers in order to counter the Bahmani kingdom.

Saluva dynasty (1485-1505) : Saluva dynasty was founded by Saluva Narsimha.

• Saluva dynasty reigned for only a brief period of around 20 years.

Aravidu dynasty (1570-1650): Aravidu dynasty was founded by Tirumala.

• Sriranga and Venkat II were some of the important rulers of this dynasty.
• The last ruler of Aravidu, as well as the Vijaynagar empire, was Sri Ranga III.

1. The rulers of Vijayanagara made many innovations in the architectural traditions. 

2. They added many new features in the temple architecture. 

3. The rulers of Vijayanagara built mandapas or pavilions. 

4. Besides there were long and pillared corridors that ran around the shrines. 

5. There were two main temples : The Virupaksha temple and’Vithala temple. 

6. During the Krishna Devaraya time he built a hall in front of the main shrine to these temples. 7 This hall was decorated with delicately carved pillars.

1. Vijayanagara kingdom was a great center of trade. 

2 Inland, Coastal and Overseas trade led to the general prosperity.

3. There were a number of seaports on the Malabar coast, the chief being Cannanore. 

4. Commercial contacts with Arabia, Persia, South Africa and Portugal on the West and Burma, Malaya Peninsula and China on the east flourished. 

5. Cotton and Silk, spices, rice iron, saltpeter and sugar were the chief items exported. 

6. Vijayanagara kings imported horses, pearls, copper, coral, mercury, China silk and velvet clothes. 

7. The art of shipbuilding developed.

In Vijayanagara empire Nayakas and Amara Nayakas are there. Nayakas:

1. They were military chiefs usually mentioned law and order in their areas of control. 

2. They maintained forests and kept armed supporters. 

3. They use to control and expand fertile land and agricultural settlements. 

4. They usually submitted to kings.

Amara Nayakas:

1. The Amaranayaka system was a major political innovation of Vijayanagara empire. 

2. These Amaranayakas form military commanders, who are given territories to be governed by the Raya.

Gangadevi was king Kampana’s queen. She wrote a book called ‘Madhura Vijayam’.

1. Tungabhadra 

2. Hampi 

3. Boar (Varaha) 

4. Dasara 

5. Vijayanagara

1. The struggle between Vijayanagara and Sultanate of Madurai lasted for about four decades. 

2. The disputes/ conflicts started during the time of son of Bukkaraya -1, Kumarakampana. 

3. Kumarakampana destroyed Madurai Sultans and freed people from the Sultan misrule. 

4. The dispute arises between Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdom over Raichur Doab, the region between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra. 

5. And also over the fertile areas of Krishna – Godavari delta led to this long drawn conflict.

Contemporary Kingdoms (Bahamanis, Reddies) : The kindoms existing at the same time.

• The Deccan Sultanates were attacking Vijayanagar often. 
• To avenge, Rama Raya captured Vijayapura and Golkonda and this caused the war. 
• The Sultanates were Jealous of the prosperity of the Vijaynagar Empire. So they united and fought against Vijaynagar Empire.

1. Rama Raya was killed in the battle. 

2. The Deccan sultans entered the capital and looted its wealth. 

3. Tirumala and Venkata sons of Rama Raya escaped from the war and ran away to Penukonda. 

4. Feudal chiefs of Mysuru, Keladi, Chitradurga, Yelahanka and Surapur became independent rulers.

• Devaraya II defeated the Reddy’s of Kondavidu in Andhra. 
• He faced the Bahamani Sultan Ahmed Shah and recaptured the forts of Mudgal, Raichur and Bankapur. 
• His commander Lakkanna defeated the kings of Kerala and Sri Lanka and collected treasure and tribute from them.

1. Prauda Devaraya had religious tolerance, built Jain and Vaishnava temples in the capital. 

2. He permitted to build Mosques also. 

3. Telugu poet Srinatha, Sanskrit Philosopher Dindima and Kannada poet and minister Lakkanna Dandesh adorned his court. 

4. The Veerashaiva religion saw its renaissance in his period.

Devaraya II was one of the famous king of Sangama dynasty, which has rulled between 1424-1446 CE.  Kondaveedu was conquered by the Devaraya II , from the king of Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa. In the north-east he expanded his kingdom to the river Krishna. Devaraya II also defeated the king of Kerala, which has given him the title of  “Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi". He was popularly knows as the "Elephant Hunter" , and royalties were paid to him by many kings. Devaraya II , was also being tolerated toward the other religion.

c) Alauddin Bahman Shah