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Similarities: Mathura has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years ago.It was important because it was located on important trade routes.The people in Mathura worked as goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers,basket makers, garland makers, perfumers. In Present times , people in cities are goldsmiths and others are present in the villages.

Difference: In present times we can find people who work in offices, bank, school, colleges, etc, but they were not present in those days. The progress of science and technology has made useful achievements in every field of our life.But in earlier times, there were no such advancements and people had to do more hardwork and suffered a lot.

In the northern parts of country , the village headman was known as the gramabhojaka. The post was hereditary. He was the largest landowner. Besides, as lie was powerful, the king often used him to collect taxes from the village . He also functioned as a judge and sometimes as a policeman. He was powerful because he was a hereditary village headman. He was the largest landowner.

(a)Ring wells were used for--- (4) drainage.

(d) Shrenis were associations of---- (2) craft persons.

The craft persons who would have been present in both villages and cities were:
1.Blacksmiths.
2. Carpenters.
3. weavers.
4. potters etc

(c) Mathura was an important--- (3) religious center.

(b)Punch marked coin were made of--- (1) silver.

(1) Craft persons buys raw material from different parts of the city or the village. 

(2) He works in a part of houses, with the help of the family members. 

(3) He works with simple tools like looms, spindles, and needles. 

(4) The finished product is sent either to the cities for selling or the merchants come to the houses of the crafts person to buy goods.

In the present times, the drainage system in the cities are highly developed. There is an underground drainage system with covered drains.The bathrooms, toilets and kitchens have underground system and are connected to the main drains outside. 

The ancient cities had ring well system.In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots, or ceramic rings arranged one on top of other. They may have been used as toilets in some cases and as drains and garbage dumps. These ring wells have been found in individual houses.

The use of iron tools and implements was an important factor for the growth of agricultural production.Iron ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. Axes and sickleswere useful for clearing the forest and increasing the area of cultivation.The other tools like, tongs, nails and hammers were used for carpentry and also by iron smiths.

(a) Vellalar was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
(b) The gramabhojaka often got his land cultivated by the slaves and hired workers.
(c) Ploughmen were known as uzhavar in Tamil.
(d) Most grihapatis were smaller landowners.