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West Asia refers to the region between Europe and Asia. The term Middle East is also used to describe this area.

A movement had developed among the Jews called the ‘Zionist Movement’ which called for uniting Jews spread across the world and to reclaim Palestine as their homeland and build a separate state of Jews.

Afghanistan: 

1. The Taliban which took over Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops established an extremist Islamic state. 

2. These states tried to force all people to strictly follow the rules laid down in religious texts. 

3. In many cases they meant the denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women and to religious minorities. 

4. The beginning of the 21st century witnessed growing discontent among the Arabs which resulted in the growth of religious terrorism.

5. Some Arab terrorists hijacked 2 aircrafts in the US and crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York killing thousands of people.

Iran: 

The official religion of the Islamic Republic of Iran is “Shiaism”. Iran explicitly aims to support and lead the entire Muslim world. The Shariah provides all the laws needed for the Islamic state from Allah.

1. The condition of Palestinians who are living in refuge camps are very pitiable. 

2. They are constantly facing warfare and poverty. 

3. Refugee camps are not providing them sufficient facilities to lead a happy life.

4. Palestinians became the victims of world politics, especially of the super powers. 

5. The Palestinian are still fighting for their homeland and peace under very difficult conditions of exile and warfare. 

6. Though with the intervention of UN, the problems are not yet solved.

Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

1. Decisions relating to war and peace are taken in Security Council and five nations have special status within it. 

2. Any decision taken by council can be vetoed by the intervention of even anyone of these countries. 

3. However, the very existence of UN, has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self control. 

4. The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.

5. So, I support the view that if these powers do not have special powers the UNO cannot function smoothly.

The principle Allied countries like Britain, France, the USA, the USSR and China drafted a Charter for the formation of the UNO even as the war drew to an end.

Even as the war-devastated countries rebuilt their economics, the world saw some new processes in place. Three of the most important processes were the establishment of the United Nations, Cold War and Decolonisation.

The basic principles of the United Nations Organisation are preserving peace, upholding human rights, respecting international law and promoting social progress.

The core concerns of people, especially those who were recently de-colonized like poverty, disease, inequality and colonialism were not addressed by any of these issues of contention.

The US sent Neil Armstrong and others to the Moon in 1969.

The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are often described as the West Asian Crises. It was mainly related to the occupation of Palestine. Palestine which was inhabited by Arabs was under the control of Britain before the Second World War. In it is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike.

The US became unpopular because it supported undemocratic regimes in the Middle East so that the oil resources were available to the US and its allies.

It is called the Cold War simply because of the absence of a real fighting as in traditional wars. This Cold War characterized by intense tension between the United States and the USSR, influenced and shaped almost everything that happened in the world between 1945 and 1991.

For more than forty-five years after the Second World War, a rather strange war was fought between the two blocks. It was a war in which the principal contenders did not physically attack each other or fight each other directly and hence, there was no ‘hot’ war. Instead, a War was fought behind closed doors through propaganda and words. It is called the Cold War.

The USSR put the first satellite Sputnik and the first human Yuri Gagarin in space.

1. West Asia became a center of tensions in the world. 

2. The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are the main cause for it. 

3. In Palestine is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike. 

4. Jews and Arabs want it at any cost. 

5. Matters were also complicated by the discovery of massive oil reserves. 

6. Both the US and the USSR wanted to bring it under their sphere of influence. 

7. In 1947, UN created Jerusalem for Jews from Palestine. 

8. Arabs refused to recognize it as a legitimate state. 

9. Israel took policies that insulted Arabs.

10. Arabs formed suicide squads for causing explosions in public places. 

11. The region has been constantly in a state of war and terrorist attacks.

1. Israelites forced Arabs out of their homes and properties. 

2. Egyptians caused explosions in public places in Israel to support Arabs. 

3. These were attacks and counter attacks between Israel and Egypt. 

4. Israel occupied the territories of Gaza, Golan Heights and the West Bank. 

5. Palestinian Liberation Organisation led by Yasser Arafat started in Jordan carried out plane hijacking holding hostage of Israeli Olympic squad and killing many of the sportspersons. 

6. The result is Israel used such attacks to mount further attacks on them and refused to implement the promises it had made.

The aim of the Zionist Movement is to unite the Jews spread across the world and to reclaim Palestine their homeland and build a separate state for the Jews.

1. Both the USSR and the USA spent huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons. 

2. They build arsenals of devastating nuclear arms and missiles. 

3. They could strike across the continents. 

4. They had enough nuclear arms to destroy the entire earth many times over. 

5. Gradually their allies like Britain, France and China too built nuclear arsenals.

6. People of all countries lived in constant fear of war. 

7. Many times war looked imminent but got defused somehow through diplomacy.

8. There were many flash points which made everyone believe of the triggering off another world war. 

9. But when both ultimately realised the implication of a nuclear war both started working for arms control and many arms control treaties were signed like CTBT, NPT, etc. 

10. Both decided to follow the logic of deterrence which meant that both have the capacity to attack and cause so much destruction to threaten the existence of the other. But neither is willing to start the war due to the amount of destruction.

1. In 1947 UN divided Palestine and created Israel for Jews. 

2. The Arabs did not agree to giving up their homeland. 

3. The Arabs were forced to leave their homes and properties in Israel and refugees to Arab states. 

4. Egypt formed suicide squads to cause explosion in Israel. 

5. Egyptians are also Arabs, that’s why they are vengeful.

The policy followed by newly independent countries after Second World War, without involving in any of the military blocks, following neutrality in international politics.

1. A large number of developing countries that had attained independence after the World War II, during the cold war era, in order to maintain their hard-won freedom, decided to stay away from the arena of superpower rivalry. 

2. Non-Alignment movement emerged under the leadership of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia came into existence which added a new dimension to world politics.

1. The leaders of newly independent states felt the need for a change from the insecure and tense situation caused by power blocs. 

2. So in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia a conference was held. 

3. It was the first Afro-Asian conference represented by 29 nations. 

4. Its aim was to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

1. Super powers strengthened themselves by creating military alliances. 

2. They maintained a constrained relationship acting as a deterrent on each other. 

3. With alliances they expanded their influence. 

4. They gained the access to the vital resources like oil and minerals. 

5. They have markets for their products and places to invest safely their capital. 

6. They got military bases to launch their troops and weapons. 

7. They could spread their ideology. 

8. They gain economic support to pay huge military expenses.

a)  Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh.

b) Srilanka, Maldives.

The alliances helped superpowers which wanted to expand their influence to gain access to 

• the vital resources like oil and minerals 
• markets for their products and places to safely invest their capital 
• military bases to launch their troops and weapons 
• spread their ideology and
• gain economic support, to pay huge military expenses.

The USA suffered less as the war was not fought on its territories. In fact, the Second World War helped the USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the Great Depression. Far from the theatres of war, the industries and agriculture of the USA prospered. This ensured full employment and high productivity in the US during the Second World War. In March 1945, the US President, Harry Truman, said, ‘We have emerged from this War the most powerful nation in the world – the most powerful nation, perhaps, in all history.

a) Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland were the countries that did not enter into any of the military alliances.

b) 1. Most of the East European countries signed on Warsaw pact. 

2. Most of the West European countries signed on NATO pact.

1. The conflict between Arabs and Jews is mainly related to the occupation of Palestine. 

2. In it is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike. 

3. The Jews considered Palestine as their Promised Land. 

4. In Europe they were the persecuted community as Christians considered them responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus. 

5. The Jews through ‘Zionist Movement’ trying to unite Jews over the world. 

6. The discovery of massive oil reserves made the US and the USSR to enter the dispute.

1. After the Second World War the world divided into 2 power blocs under the USA and the USSR. 

2. So these two are considered two different worlds. 

3. Many countries were newly emerged as countries, which were before the colonies of colonial states. 

4. All of these countries joined Non-Alignment Movement. 

5. So these Non Aligned Nations were called ‘third world’.

1. The differences regarding the Kashmir issue have been still continuing. 

2. Along with the constant efforts to establish peace, India is trying to maintain good relations in the fields of trade and commerce, sports and tourism with Pakistan.

1) United States of America.

2) Nearly 30,000.

3) i) Ideological conflicts between US and USSR. 

ii) For military supremacy and to gain economic supremacy lead the countries to emerge camps after the Second World War.

4) i) Realised that war mongering and the consequent arms race only made the world more unsafe and increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries. 

ii) As a result of the pressures the USA and USSR, the main competitors in the arms race, signed on cut down their nuclear arsenal (SALT, START). 

iii) Cold war came to an end with the collapses of USSR in 1991; is also another reason for this.

Since 1962 India, China relations are not good and fair. 

• Each should respect another country.
• Panchsheel principles should be followed. 
• Settle disputes mutually with bilateral discussions. 
• Both countries should understand that they lose much more if there would be a war.

1. After the Second World War, colonial states granted freedom to their colonies. 

2. As these countries became free they faced a world greatly torn between Capitalism and Communism. 

3. They were continuously under the pressure to choose between the two rather than follow their own paths of development. 

4. They also got an opportunity to negotiate by playing one power against the other. 

5. Thus, the newly free countries would have been influenced by the competition between the two power blocs.

China, France, United Kingdom; USSR (now Russia) and USA.

1. Both countries should respect the sovereignty of each other.

2. Border disputes should be resolved peacefully. 

3. Diplomatic relations should be enhanced. 

4. One country should not treat the other one as its competitor. 

5. The spirit of the ‘Panchasheel Pact’ should be followed by both the countries. 

6. Friendship should be enhanced through cultural exchange.

Any decision taken by Council can be vetoed (made invalid or rejected) by the intervention of even anyone of these countries. 

(OR) 

The power is given to the permanent members to accept or reject any proposal in the UNO.

1. First India and Pakistan should leave the conflicts behind which were perpetual right from the partition. 

2. They should seek the help of UN over the issue of Kashmir and agree for mutual amicable settlement. 

3. Pakistan should stop her religious terrorism and trained militant infiltration into India. 

4. Pakistan should keep herself away from theocratic rule and military coups and belief should be kept in elections and democracy. 

5. Both countries should continue with all present trade, economic, cultural, sports, film, etc. relations. In addition to, help each other in combating terrorism, eradication of poverty, assistance in technology, medicine, etc.

1. No country at the present time can afford to exist in isolation. 

2. From its very inception, they have to maintain a friendly relation with their neighbouring countries. 

3. Maintain mutual confidence and trust based on the heart to heart.

4. Rejects the role of military power and committed to peace. 

5. Should have greater understanding and cooperation among the people of neighbouring nations. 

6. Should maintain friendly relations with neighbouring countries and blossom secularism, democracy and freedom here. 

7. We should share peace and prosperity with the neighbouring countries.

1. Both the countries have cooperated on the economic front and river water. 

2. Bangladesh Is an integral part of the Indian look East Policy’ to link up South Asia via Myanmar and both have cooperation on disaster management.

1. Both India and Pakistan have nuclear status and in this scenario the need of peace process between them is much more important than ever before.

2. Any kind of conventional armed conflict can change into a nuclear war. 

3. So the peace process should be based on the development of both the countries. 

4. For social, political and economical development of both the countries, peace should be established between them.

United States of America / America.