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Water is a resource of utmost importance and water bodies should not be polluted. Given the present scenario, even the multi-purpose projects are under objection. 

Three ways to conserve water are as follows. 

(i) Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater, groundwater and river water can be harvested and used for agriculture purposes and moisten the soil.

(ii) Do not let the faucet run while brushing teeth, bathing or cleaning vegetables.

(iii) Check for leaks in pipes, hoses, faucets and couplings.

Bhagirathi .

Features of bamboo drip irrigation:

(i) Bamboo drip irrigation system is 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe.

(ii) Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.

(iii) The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it distributed into branches.

Features of bamboo drip irrigation:

(i) Bamboo drip irrigation system is 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe.

(ii) Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.

(iii) The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it distributed into branches.

Meghalaya states is bamboo drip irrigation prevalent.

River Damodar was known as the ‘River of Sorrow’ in India because it caused floods in the regions located along its banks.

The following are the two consequences of changing crop pattern due to irrigation.

(i) It has resulted in ecological problems like salinisation of the soil.

(ii) It has also transformed the social landscape by increasing the gap between the rich landowners and landless poor.

Rainwater harvesting is carried out to conserve and store rain water. This method reduces water scarcity.

The tank constructed in Delhi is located in Hauz Khas and it supplied water to the Siri Fort Area.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves a number of steps as follows. 

(i) Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe.

(ii) The collected water is filtered by using sand and bricks.

(iii) Water is taken to the sump through undergound pipes for immediate use.

(iv) Excess water is taken from the sump to the well.

(v) Water in the well recharges the underground water.

Gul or Kul in west Himalayas.

Roof top rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan for drinking water.

Khadin in Jaisalmer district.

Johad in other regions of Rajasthan and Haryana.

Tank at Hauz Khas

To supply water to the Siri Fort area, Iltutmish had constructed a tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi in the 14th century.

Three hydraulic structures of ancient India are as under:

(1) In the first century B.C. Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channeling the flood water of the river Gang.

(2) During the time of Chandragupta Maura, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.

(3) Sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalong (Odessa), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Banner (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.

(4) In the 11th century, Bhopal lake, one of the largest artificial lake of its time was built.

(5) In the 14th century, the tank in Haul Khans, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Sire Fort area.

Sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams build of the build of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation were built in various regions of the country.

(i) A sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of river Ganga was built at Sringaverapura near Allahabad in the 1^st century B.C.

(ii) Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh, Bennur in Karnataka, Kolhapur in Maharashtra and Kalinga in Odisha have evidence of irrigation structures

(iii) In the 11^th century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.

(iv) The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish in the 14^th century to supply water to the Siri Fort Area.

Chandragupta Maurya

Water harvesting system was started in the first century B.C to channel the flood water of river Ganga. It was during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya that these water bodies such as dams, lakes and rivers were extensively built.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting:-

(1) Rooftop rainwater is collected using PVC pipe.

(2) Water is filtered using sand and bricks.

(3) Underground pipe takes water to sump for immediate usage.

(4) Excess water from the sump is taken to the well.

(5) Water from the well recharges the underground. The water collected in the well can be used later for domestic purposes.

Chains’ and `Jihads’ are the rain fed storages structures of Rajasthan in India.

Yes, rooftop harvesting is beneficial for urban areas as it will be of great use. Rainwater can be filtered and can be used for household works such as washing clothes etc. Also, when there is any kind of scarcity in water supply this water can be utilised in a very appropriate manner.

Tamil Nadu has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state.

Advantages

(i) The rainwater collected on rooftops is used to improve the vegetation cover on ground.

(ii) With the growth of vegetation, the water seeps into the ground and replenishes the ground water supply.

(iii) There is no run-off by muddy or dirty water into the drains.

Disadvantages

(i) People may use the stored water for washing, sanitation or for industrial purpose. It may flow into the drains, instead of soaking into the ground and will not promote groundwater replenishment.

(ii) If scientific measures are not adopted for using rainwater for drinking, it may cause harm to the people’s health than tap water.

When per capita availability of water decreases less than 1000 cubic metre per person per year.

About 3/4th of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but fresh water is available in a small proportion. 

It is obtained from the following sources :  

(a) Surface run-off  

(b) Groundwater  

(c) Precipitation (in the form of Rain, snow, dew, hail, etc.)  

This water available in all sources is continuously being renewed and recharged through the process of hydrological cycle. Thus, water becomes a renewable resource.

Watershed management basically refers to the efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources. It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of groundwater through various methods like percolation tanks recharge wells, etc. 

(1) Rain water harvesting 

(2) Re cycling of water 

(3) Conjunctive use of water for sustaining water supply in long run. 

(4) Prevention of water pollution 

(5) Saving water in household work 

(6) Re use of water 

(7) Creates awareness among people about water conservation

Correct Answer is : (C) Baori

This is the largest and most important multipurpose project of India. The project was started in 1948 and finished in 1963. This is made on Sutlej River near Bilaspur in Himachal Pradesh. This is a joint project of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Development supply of electricity, irrigation water and drinking water to areas between Sutlej and Yamuna are the goals of this project. The first Bhakra dam is 516.16 meter long and 167.64 meter high. This is the largest gravity dam (built with cement and concrete) in the world. The second Bhakra Dam was built about 13 km downhill at the place called Nangal. The second dam was built to store excess water from Bhakra. Nangal Power Station and two power stations at Kotla & Gangwal have been built to generate electricity from water from these dams. These dams feed water into Sarhind Canal, Nangal Canal, Bist Doab Canal and Narvana Canal.