Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) Women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within households.

(ii) Through the activities of tailoring, washing or match-box making they could increase their income. 

(iii) Large number of children were pushed into low paid work.

(i) Women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within households.
(ii) Through the activities of tailoring, washing or match-box making they could increase their income.
(iii) Large number of children were pushed into low paid work

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their work places. This made the underground rail transport essential for London. 

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because.
(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the lack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.
(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.
(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city.
(iv) People were afraid to travel underground.
(v) Many felt that 'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city. 

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their work places. This made the underground rail transport essential for London.

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because.

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the jack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city.

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground.

(v) Many felt that 'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their work places. This made the underground rail transport essential for London. 

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because.
(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the lack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.
(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.
(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city.
(iv) People were afraid to travel underground.
(v) Many felt that 'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city. 

(i) The very first section of the Underground Railway in London started on 10th January 1863.
(ii) It helped to solve the housing problem in the following ways :
(a) The population in the city became more dispersed.
(b) Better planned suburbs were developed.
(c) A good railway network enabled a large number of people to live outside Central London and travel to work.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their workplaces. This made the underground rail transport essential for London. 

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because. 

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the lack of oxygen created in the compartments by smokir.rg pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction. 

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city. 

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground. 

(v) Many felt that'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

(vi) To make approximately two miles of railways.900. houses had to be destroyed.

(i) By 1880, the expanded train service carried 40 million passengers a year.

(ii) Population in the city became dispersed.

(iii) New York, Tokyo, Chicago built underground railways by the 20th century.

(iv) Planned suburbs and a good railways network enable large numbers to live outside central London.

(v) Social distinctions wore down.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their workplaces. This made the underground rail transport essential for London. 

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because. 

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the lack of oxygen created in the compartments by smokir.rg pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust. 

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction. (iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city. 

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground. 

(v) Many felt that'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

(vi) Ta make approximately two miles of rai1ways.900. houses had ts be destroyed.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their workplaces. This made the underground rail transport essential for London. 

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because. 

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the lack of oxygen created in the compartments by smokir.rg pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust. 

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city. 

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground. 

(v) Many felt that'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

(vi) Ta make approximately two miles of railways.900. houses had to be destroyed.

(i) The very first section of the Underground Railway in London started on 10^th January 1863.

(ii) It helped to solve the housing problem in the following ways:

(a) The population in the city became more dispersed.

(b) Better planned suburbs were developed.

(c) A good railway network enabled a large number of people to live outside Central London and travel to work.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their work places. This made the underground rail transport essential for London.

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because.

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the jack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city.

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground.

(v) Many felt that 'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their work places. This made the underground rail transport essential for London.

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because.

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the jack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city.

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground.

(v) Many felt that 'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

Underground London Railway became a huge success due to following reasons:

(i) By 1880, the expanded train service carried 40 million passengers a year.

(ii) Population in the city became dispersed.

(iii) Planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large number of people to live outside central London.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their work places. This made the underground rail transport essential for London.

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because.

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the jack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust.

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city.

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground.

(v) Many felt that 'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

(i) London became a powerful magnet for migrant population since it offered employment opportunities.

(ii) London dockyard housed a large number of porters, traders and people in the shipping line.

(iii) Major industries such as clothing footwear, metal, engineering, etc.., attracted labor from outside.

(iv) Being capital city also, it attracted people.

(i) The police were worried about the law and order and industrialists wanted an orderly work force. There were professional criminals like cheats, tricksters, pick pockets and petty thieves too in the marginal groups.

(ii) Most of the people in the marginal groups were very poor, who lived by selling lead stolen from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal and cloth drying from hedges.

(iii) In order to discipline them the authorities counted the number of criminals, watched their activities and investigated their lives. High penalties were imposed and deserving poor people were offered work.

(i) Green the open spaces, reduced pollution and landscape the city.

(ii) Large blocks of apartment were built in the city like Berlin and New York which had the similar housing problems.

(iii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the 1^st World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

(i) Green the open spaces, reduced pollution and landscape the city.

(ii) large blocks of apartments were built in the city like Berlin and New York which had the similar housing problems.

(iii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the 1st World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

(i) Chawls were resided by poor.

(ii) Open space in the center of the chawls was used for various activities.

(iii) Chawls were headed by a headman like village headman.

(iv) People in chawls lived like an integrated family.

(i) Chawls were resided by poor.

(ii) Open space in the center of the chawls was used for various activities.

(iii) Chawls were headed by a headman like village headman.

(iv) People in chawls lived like an integrated family.

(i) The growth of trade in cotton and opium attracted a large number of traders, bankers and artisans to Bombay.

(ii) A large number of people migrated to Bombay from Ratnagiri to work in the textile mills.

(iii) Bombay was the junction head of two major railways and dominated the maritime trade.

The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India were multifunctional cities' because they had major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army camps, as well as educational institutions, museums and libraries.

(i) The Rent Act was passed in Bombay in 1918.

(ii) It aimed at controlling rent and keeping them with in reasonable limit.

(iii) The Act had a reserve impact of producing a severe housing crisis, since the landlords withheld renting out houses from the market.

(i) The Rent Act was passed in Bombay in 1918.

(ii) It aimed at controlling rent and keeping them with in reasonable limit.

(iii) The Act had a reserve impact of producing a severe housing crisis, since the landlords withheld renting out houses from the market.

Reasons:

(i) Bombay was the principal port of the East India Company.

(ii) It was an important centre for cotton textiles from Gujarat.

(iii) It became an important administrative centre of western India.

(iv) It emerged as a major industrial centre in the 19^th century.

Reasons:

(i) Bombay was the principal port of the East India Company.

(ii) It was an important centre for cotton textiles from Gujarat.

(iii) It became an important administrative centre of western India.

(iv) It emerged as a major industrial centre in the 19^th century.

'Bombay did not experience a planned growth'.

(i) The Bombay fort area was divided into two parts-

(i) The native town (ii) The European section.

(ii) In the native towns, most of the Indians lived, the European section was inhabited by the Europeans or the whites.

(iii) This racial pattern of inhabitation was common to all the three Presidency cities of India.

(i) Bombay was, referred to as mayanagri because Bombay was seen as a city of opportunities and dreams for those who came from the have not section of population.

(ii) They found their creative energies well used in the Bombay film industry, it inspired others.

(iii) People from all field of life joined it as writers, directors, actors, etc.

(i) The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in 19th century England raised serious problems. Shopkeepers, homeowners and others complained about the black fog, grey skies and black vegetation. All these factors caused bad temper, smoke-related illness and dirty clothes. Congestion in the city also led to a yearning for the clean air.

(ii) As a result, the demand for new 'lungs' for the city was made. Large blocks of apartments were built and rent control was introduced to ease the housing problem.

(iii) 'Garden City' of New Earswick was designed with common garden spaces and landscaping.

(iv) Between the two World Wars (1919-39), the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state and million houses, most of which were single-family cottages, were built by local authorities.

(v) The British Government built single-family cottages for the working classes and the London underground work was started to enable the workers to reach their workplace.

The steps taken to clean up London were:

(i) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape in the city.

(ii) Large blocks of apartments were built Like those in Berlin and New York.

(iii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War.

(iv) Demands were made for new 'lungs' for the city and some attempts were made to bridge the countryside through ideas as the Green Belt around London.

The steps taken to clean up London were:

(i) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape in the city.

(ii) Large blocks of apartments were built Like those in Berlin and New York.

(iii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War.

(iv) Demands were made for new 'lungs' for the city and some attempts were made to bridge the countryside through ideas as the Green Belt around London.

(i)The group of the people who work for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose are called philanthropists.

(ii) Steps taken to control crime were:

(i) The authorities imposed high penalties for crime.

(ii) They offered work to the deserving poor.

Growth of Crime in London:

(i) In London there were 20,000 criminals in 1870s.

(ii) In the mid 19th century, Henry Mathew wrote several articles on the London labour and those who made their living from crime.

(iii) Many criminals were poor, who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, coal and also clothes.

Control of Crime:

(i) The police were worried about the law and order situation.

So population of criminals were counted, their activities were watched and their ways of life were investigated.

(ii) In an attempt to discipline the criminals, authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered "deserving poor.

(i) Underground railway was considered a menace to health.

(ii) The massive destruction was also made in the process of construction of underground railway.

(iii) House were knocked down, streets broken through and stopped.

(iv) Deep pits and trenches dug in the ground.

(v) It also led to a massive displacement of the London poor.

(i) The city of London was a magnet for the migrant populations due to the job opportunities provided by its dockyards and industries.

(ii) The population of London kept expanding through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

(iii) During the first world war, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods.

(iv) This increased the number of large factories, which in turn increased the number of people coming to the city in search of work.

(i) London became a powerful magnet for migrant population since it offered employment opportunities.
(ii) London dockyard housed a large number of porters, traders and people in the shipping line.

(iii) Major industries such as clothing footwear metal, engineering, etc., attracted labor from outside.
(iv) Being capital city also, it attraited people.

(i) The city of London was a magnet for the migrant populations due to the job opportunities provided by its dockyards and industries.

(ii) The population of London kept expanding through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

(iii) During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods.

(iv) This increased the number of large factories, which in turn increases the number of people coming to the city in search of work.

(i) The group of the people who work for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose are called philanthropists.
(ii) Steps taken to control crime were:

(i) The authorities imposed high penalties for a crime.
(ii) They offered work to the deserving pool

(i) Underground railway was considered a menace to health.

(ii) The massive destruction was also made in the process of construction of underground railway.

(iii) Houses were Knocked down, streets broke through and stopped.

(iv) Deep pits and trenches dug into the ground.

(v) It also led to a massive displacement of the London poor. 

(i) Ties between members of household loosened.

(ii) The institution of marriage among the working class tended to break down.

(iii) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher level of isolation although their lives were made easier by maids.

(iv) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives particularly among the lower social classes.

(v) By the 20th century, the urban family had been transformed again partly by experience of the war time and partly work done by the women who were employed in large numbers.

'Family' as an institution underwent a social change due to industrialisation.

(i) The class Kant joint family in the village scenario disappeared in the town and cities. The bond between family members loosened.

(ii) Women lost their jobs to machines.

(iii) Rich upper class women lived easier lives as they were served by domestic maids who made their work easier.

(iv) Forced to live at home in urban areas, leading them to face isolation at home.

(v) Public places were dominated by males and females were confined to the home.

(vi) Women gradually began to participate in political movements to ask for their rights.

(vii) Families were small or nuclear.

'Family' as an institution underwent a social change due to industrialisation.

(i) The class Kant joint family in the village scenario disappeared in the town and cities. The bond between family members loosened.

(ii) Women lost their jobs to machines.

(iii) Rich upper class women lived easier lives as they were served by domestic maids who made their work easier.

(iv) Forced to live at home in urban areas, leading them to face isolation at home.

(v) Public places were dominated by males and females were confined to the home.

(vi) Women gradually began to participate in political movements to ask for their rights.

(vii) Families were small or nuclear.

(i) Ties between members of household loosened.

(ii) The institution of marriage among the working class tended to break down.

(iii) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher level of isolation although their lives were made easier by maids.

(iv) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives particularly among the lower social classes.

(v) By the 20th century, the urban family had been transformed again partly by experience of the war time and partly work done by the women who were employed in large numbers.

(i) Pollution was due to large number of people being dependent on dung and wood as fuel.

(ii) Industries and other establishment used steam engines that run on coal and caused air pollution.

(iii) Due to marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick smog.

(iv) Calcutta had a history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke.

The population of London multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880 increasing from 1 million to 4 million.

(i) London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have large factories.

(ii) The 19^th Century London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers of small traders and skilled artisans, semi-skilled and sweated out workers of soldiers and servants of casual workers, street sellers, and beggars.

(iii) There was a dockyard which provided opportunities for livelihood.

(iv) There were five major types of industries employed large numbers; clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precious products.

(v) During First World War, the number of large factories increased and a large number of people joined the newly created jobs.