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The chawls were built in a multi-storeyed structure divided into smaller one-room tenements with no private toilets. Many people lived together in single tenements.
They led a difficult lifestyle. There were no water connections. Gutters were near the houses which led to spread of many diseases

In 1819, Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo - Maratha War.

It became an important administrative and industrial centre of westernisation.

In the 17th century, Bombay (Mumbai) was under the Portuguese control. It was a group of seven islands. Later, it got passed into British hands and became a prominent and an important city.

It was a base for East India Company and a major cotton textile outlet. Later it functioned as a port which dealt with raw materials like cotton and opium.

One factor which changes the form of urbanisation in the modern world was industrialization. It resulted in construction of more factories and settling down of people near them. There was an increase in movement of people from rural to urban areas in search of jobs.

Other factors were unemployment and capitalism.

Kolkata became the first Indian city to get the smoke nuisance legislation in 1863. It was because of a long history of pollution.

Pollution was mainly caused by the burning of cow dung as a fuel on daily basis.

London Underground Railway was considered a menace to public health because a massive destruction was done in the process of construction. A huge number of houses were knocked down and streets broke through.

Deep pits of trenches were dug into the ground causing damage and creating difficulties for the people.

According to Henry Mayhew, listed criminals were poor people who lived by stealing petty things like clothes, bread, coal etc. They were called criminals because they used to steal things. To control the crime, authorities took various steps to discipline them.

Authorities imposed high penalties on the victims. Various rules and regulations were made to discipline them and keep them in order. The government organised several vocational courses so that they could easily get jobs and stop their stealing activities.

Measures taken were:

A. New plans were created like underground railway was created so that people could settle in far off place.

B. Rent control was brought into account.

C. Unsafe tenaments were removed and single cottages were built outside the city.

Criminals were being watched and penalties were given to criminals for their acts. A green belt was built around the city which was called the "new lungs". Holiday homes were built in the countryside for residents of London.

The main demand of the 10-hour movement was to pass a law restricting the demand length of the workers of the workday in the factories to 10 hours.

It was a movement by skilled craftsman in the major cities of US in the 1820s.

The sources of entertainment for people in urban Britain were as follows:

A. Pleasure Gardens – They provided the facilities of sports, entertainment and refreshment.

B. Music Halls and Cinemas- It was a source of entertainment for lower classes. It provided mass entertainment.

C. Beaches- It was a facility availed by industrial workers. This helped them relax and enjoy holidays.

Food supplies helped in developing more cities as this meant that more people can be fed.

Developing food was directly related to developing the cities as there would be more people, more job opportunities and better standards of living. It all led to the betterment of the people and development of the cities.

Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai) became the Presidency cities.

They became important presidencies because they were the centres of British power in India in the 18th century for the economic activities and trade.

Dadasaheb Phalke was the director of the movie Raja Harishchandra. He directed the movie in the year 1913.

The film produced was a silent film and had English and Hindi language intertitles.

The steps taken to clean the London city were as follows:

a. Housing Problem: For large no. of migrants and workers new apartments were constructed to avoid the congestion in the streets

b. The Principle of Green Belt and Garden City: A pleasant space full of trees and plants were built. It provided a clean and green environment for people to work and live.

c. Housing and British Government: Cottages were built for families by local authorities.

London underground railway started on 10 January 1863.

The formation was done in the late 1700s but it eventually started in 1863.

The annual “London Season” was organised for wealthy Britishers.

The season organised had several cultural events like Opera, Theatre, Classical Musical Performances, etc. This was organised for the elite group of families ranging from 300-400.

People were scared to travel by underground railways in the beginning because of the danger it did on health. It created a lot of mess during its construction.

Because of the underground railway there was a lack of air and heat was produced in high amounts in the train compartments. Large-scale cutting of forests and natural resources was done