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TOTAL DRAFT = BD×MD×FD

BD=Back draft

MD=Middle draft

FD=Front draft

Total draft = BD×MD×FD

BD=Back draft

MD=Middle draft

FD=Front draft

• ACTION of opposing SPIKES
• Action of air CURRENT
• Action of BEATERS, 
• Regulating action

ROTOR m/c = not POSSIBLE to PRODUCE more than 40s count. 

RING m/c = it is possible to produce about 300S count.

Rotor m/c = not possible to produce more than 40s count. 

Ring m/c = it is possible to produce about 300s count.

HVI(High volume instrument)

AFIS(Advance fiber INFORMATION system)

Shirley analyzer = trash%

Moisture meter = MC%

Moisture TESTING OVEN = MR%

HVI(High volume instrument)

AFIS(Advance fiber information system)

Shirley analyzer = trash%

Moisture meter = MC%

Moisture testing oven = MR%

MASS STRESS = APPLIED forse/linear DENSITY 

UNIT = CN/tex , gm/tex

Mass stress = Applied forse/linear density 

Unit = CN/tex , gm/tex

Twist PER INCH(TPI) = yarn

Twist per meter (TPM) = roving

Twist per CENTIMETER (TPCM)

Twist per inch(TPI) = yarn

Twist per meter (TPM) = roving

Twist per centimeter (TPCM)

The PROCEDURE by which SEEDS and COTTONS are SEPARATED from seeds cotton is CALLED Ginning.

The procedure by which seeds and cottons are separated from seeds cotton is called Ginning.

The CHANGE in DIMENSION due to absorbing water or MOISTURE of any textile material is termed as SWELLING.

Swelling=(Swollen dimension-DRY dimension)/Dry dimension

The change in dimension due to absorbing water or moisture of any textile material is termed as swelling.

Swelling=(Swollen dimension-Dry dimension)/Dry dimension

ELEMENTS

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Monomer/molecules/macromolecules

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POLYMER CHAIN

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Fibrils/micels

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Fiber

Elements

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Monomer/molecules/macromolecules

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Polymer chain

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Fibrils/micels

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Fiber

The section or LINE where the compressed BALE are converted into UNIFORM lap of PARTICULAR LENGTH or made suitable for carding by opening, blending or mixing.

The section or line where the compressed bale are converted into uniform lap of particular length or made suitable for carding by opening, blending or mixing.

Then cotton which are get after first time GINNING to SEEDS cotton is CALLED LINT and for second time ginning of cotton is called LINTERS.

Then cotton which are get after first time ginning to seeds cotton is called lint and for second time ginning of cotton is called linters.

Bi-component FIBERS are synthetic fibers which fibers FILAMENT contains TWO TYPES of POLYMER.

Bi-component fibers are synthetic fibers which fibers filament contains two types of polymer.

COTTON = Natural fiber, strength increase in wet CONDITION. 

VISCOSE = MAN made fiber, strength DECREASE in we condition.

Cotton = Natural fiber, strength increase in wet condition. 

Viscose = Man made fiber, strength decrease in we condition.

BSTI = Bangladesh STANDARD and testing INSTITUTION.

ISO = International organization for standardization.

BS = British standard

AQL = Acceptable quality LEVEL.

BCIRA = British cotton industries research ASSOCIATION.

ITET= INSTITUTE of textile engineers and technologist.

AAMA=American apparel manufacturer association.

AAQC=American association of quality control.

BSTI = Bangladesh standard and testing institution.

ISO = International organization for standardization.

BS = British standard

AQL = Acceptable quality level.

BCIRA = British cotton industries research association.

ITET= Institute of textile engineers and technologist.

AAMA=American apparel manufacturer association.

AAQC=American association of quality control.

TXE,K tex,D tex,Mili tex,DENIER,lb/spyndle, WOOLEN.

Txe,K tex,D tex,Mili tex,Denier,lb/spyndle, Woolen.

COUNT (NE) =LENGTH(yds)/length × WEIGHT unit/weight in GM 

= (120yds/840yds) × (1lbs or 453.6gm/weight in gm) 

=64.8/Weight in gm

Count (Ne) =length(yds)/length × weight unit/weight in gm 

= (120yds/840yds) × (1lbs or 453.6gm/weight in gm) 

=64.8/Weight in gm

• dropping-II,
• flat strips of COARSE COUNT,
• Floor sweeping-II,
• DUST ETC.

Denier = 9 × Tex

NE × Denier = 5315

Tex × Ne = 590.6

Tex × METRIC = 1000

Denier × Metric = 9000

Denier = 9 × Tex

Ne × Denier = 5315

Tex × Ne = 590.6

Tex × Metric = 1000

Denier × Metric = 9000

The spiral disposition of the components of thread which is usually the RESULT of RELATIVE rotation of the two ENDS is CALLED yarn twist.

The spiral disposition of the components of thread which is usually the result of relative rotation of the two ends is called yarn twist.

1 yard = 0.9144 m 

1 m =1.0936 yards=7000 grain 

1kg = 2.204 lbs, 

1lbs(pound) = 453 .6gm = 7000 GRAINS 

1GM =15.43 grains 

16 OZ = 1 lb(pound) 

36 inch = 1 yard 

2.54 CM = 1 inch 

1 Hank=840 yards=1 pound

1 yard = 0.9144 m 

1 m =1.0936 yards=7000 grain 

1kg = 2.204 lbs, 

1lbs(pound) = 453 .6gm = 7000 grains 

1gm =15.43 grains 

16 oz = 1 lb(pound) 

36 inch = 1 yard 

2.54 cm = 1 inch 

1 Hank=840 yards=1 pound

COUNT is a NUMERICAL expression which EXPRESSES /indicates COARSENESS or fineness of yarn.

Or,

count is a number indicating the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.

Count is a numerical expression which expresses /indicates coarseness or fineness of yarn.

Or,

count is a number indicating the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.

It INDICATES YARNS THICK PLACES, THIN places and slubs.

It indicates yarns thick places, thin places and slubs.

“Z” or CLOCK WISE &

“S” or anti clock wise twist.

“z” or clock wise &

“S” or anti clock wise twist.

FIBER 

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Yarn 

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GREY FABRIC 

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FINISHED fabric 

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END product

Fiber 

↓ 

Yarn 

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Grey fabric 

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Finished fabric 

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End product

Tensile strength = force required to BREAK the specimen/ CROSS SECTIONAL AREA.

Tensile strength = force required to break the specimen/ cross sectional area.

• IRREGULAR YARN
• Thick & thin PLACES
• Slubs
• Nepped yarn
• Spinners double
• Crackers
• BAD piecing
• Hairiness
• Soft yarn
• Hard & non elastic yarn
• Rough yarn

A ROVING is a continuous slightly TWISTED STRAND of FIBRES which has not RECEIVED its final drawing for yarn. Roving hank=0.70 to 0.85, TPI=about 1.15

A roving is a continuous slightly twisted strand of fibres which has not received its final drawing for yarn. Roving hank=0.70 to 0.85, TPI=about 1.15

WEIGHT of 0.0014×840 yds = 1 LBS or 16 oz 

1.176 yds = 16 oz 

1 yds = 16/ 1.176 oz = 13.6 oz 

So weight of lap = 13. 6 oz/yds 

Weight of 0.0014×840 yds = 1 lbs or 16 oz 

1.176 yds = 16 oz 

1 yds = 16/ 1.176 oz = 13.6 oz 

So weight of lap = 13. 6 oz/yds 

14 OZ contains = 1 yds, 

1 oz contains = 1/14 yds, 

16 oz or 1 lb contains = 16/14 yds 

=16/14×840 hank=0.00136 hank 

So hank of LAP = 0.00136.

14 oz contains = 1 yds, 

1 oz contains = 1/14 yds, 

16 oz or 1 lb contains = 16/14 yds 

=16/14×840 hank=0.00136 hank 

So hank of lap = 0.00136.

• SOFT LAP,
• Conical lap,
• BARREL shaped,
• SPLIT lap,
• Ragged selvedge,
• Lap licking.

• Straightening & PARALLELIZATION of fibres by drafting & drawing.
• Minimization of IRREGULARITY by doubling.
• Blending & mixing of fibres.
• To PRODUCE a more UNIFORM sliver of definite wt/yds.

• To open up the COTTON in to single fibre state.
• To reduce the NUMBER of neps, SHORT fibres.
• To produce a thick untwisted rope of fibre CALLED SLIVER.

Carding may be defined as the REDUCTION of an entangled MASS of fibre to a filmy web by WORKING them between TWO closely spaced, relatively moving SURFACE clothed with sharp wire points.

Carding may be defined as the reduction of an entangled mass of fibre to a filmy web by working them between two closely spaced, relatively moving surface clothed with sharp wire points.

• Opening
• Cleaning
• Mixing & BLENDING
• Even FEED of material to the CARD.

Before the BLOW ROOM/Before the BALES GOING into blow room.

Before the blow room/Before the bales going into blow room.

TESTING, sorting and mixing bales according to the PROPERTIES of fibre for PRODUCING specific good quality yarn at minimum cost is CALLED bale management.

Testing, sorting and mixing bales according to the properties of fibre for producing specific good quality yarn at minimum cost is called bale management.

Fiber/Bale → Blow Room → Lap/Chute

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Lap/Chute → Carding → Sliver (Carded)

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Carded Sliver → Pre-Comb Drawing FRAME → Sliver (Pre-Drawn)

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Sliver → Lap Frame → Lap

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Lap → Comber → Sliver

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Sliver → Post-Comb Drawing Frame → Sliver (Post-Drawn)

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Drawn Sliver → SIMPLEX → ROVE

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Rove → RING Frame → Yarn

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Winding

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Reeling

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Bundling

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Bailing

Fiber/Bale → Blow Room → Lap/Chute

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Lap/Chute → Carding → Sliver (Carded)

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Carded Sliver → Pre-Comb Drawing Frame → Sliver (Pre-Drawn)

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Sliver → Lap Frame → Lap

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Lap → Comber → Sliver

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Sliver → Post-Comb Drawing Frame → Sliver (Post-Drawn)

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Drawn Sliver → Simplex → Rove

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Rove → Ring Frame → Yarn

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Winding

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Reeling

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Bundling

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Bailing

Fiber/Bale → Blow Room → Lap/Chute

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Lap/Chute → CARDING → SLIVER (Carded)

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Carded Sliver → Draw Frame → Sliver (Drawn)

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Drawn Sliver → SIMPLEX → ROVE

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Rove → Ring Frame → YARN

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Winding

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Reeling

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Bundling

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Bailing

Fiber/Bale → Blow Room → Lap/Chute

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Lap/Chute → Carding → Sliver (Carded)

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Carded Sliver → Draw Frame → Sliver (Drawn)

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Drawn Sliver → Simplex → Rove

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Rove → Ring Frame → Yarn

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Winding

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Reeling

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Bundling

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Bailing

Textile FIBER has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting. The essential requirements for FIBERS to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Other important properties include ELASTICITY, FINENESS, uniformity, DURABILITY, and luster.

Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting. The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Other important properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster.

Fiber or FIBRE is classes of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete ELONGATED pieces, SIMILAR to lengths of thread. They are very important in the BIOLOGY of both plants and ANIMALS, for holding tissues together.

Fiber or fibre is classes of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissues together.