a)The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles produced when the substance is dissolved and the concentration of a substance as calculated from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van 't Hoff factor is essentially

Anisotonic solutionrefers to twosolutionshaving the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side

c)The ratio of the elevation of the boiling point of a solvent caused by dissolving a solute to the molality of the solution, taken at extremely low concentrations. Also known as molal elevation of the boiling point

d)An azeotrope or a constant boiling point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of constituents as the unboiled mixture