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What is Artificial Neural Network (ANN and what is a perceptron algorithm? Mention few R packages for ANNs.

Answer»

Option C is the correct answer.

Softmax function is of the form in which the sum of probabilities over all i sum to 1.

If we take an input of [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3], the softmax of that is [0.024, 0.064, 0.175, 0.475, 0.024, 0.064, 0.175]. The output has most of its weight where the '4' was in the original input. This is what the function is normally used for: to highlight the largest VALUES and suppress values which are significantly below the maximum value. However please note that, softmax is not scale invariant, so if the input were [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3] (which sums to 1.6) the softmax would be [0.125, 0.138, 0.153, 0.169, 0.125, 0.138, 0.153]. This SHOWS that for values between 0 and 1 softmax, in FACT, de-emphasizes the maximum value (note that 0.169 is not only less than 0.475, it is also less than the initial proportion of 0.4/1.6=0.25)

If we execute below code snippet in Python 3.x, then we can get the desired output for the example of [1,2,3,4,1,2,3] that we mentioned above.



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