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North East Trade winds: In the northern hemisphere, they blow from north-east to south west. South East trade winds: In the southern hemisphere, they blow from south east to North West. 

It is a process by which heat is transferred directly though matter from point of high temperature. Heat passes from warmer to colder substances, as long as temperature difference exists.

Temperature decreases with increasing height at the rate of 6.5’C per room. This rate of decrease of temperature is called normal lapse rate (NLR).

Atmospheric pressure is highest at the sea level and decreasing with increasing of height. It is because the lower layer of the atmosphere has the weight of the entire atmosphere extending over several thousand kilometers. The lowest layer of the atmosphere, troposphere which extends up to 10-16km has 75 percent of the total atmosphere. The atmosphere near the earth’s surface up to an height of only 1km contains 1/10 of the total height. At the sea level atmospheric pressure is 1013.25mb

The surface temperature of the sun is 6000°C or 11,000°F.

The propagation of solar radiation falling on a non-luminouS body which the latter reflects is usually expressed as percentage. The albedo of the earth is approximately 40% of the solar radiation which is reflected back into space.

It is self recording instrument which continuously records the atmospheric pressure. 

It is an instrument measures the pressure of atmosphere and denotes corresponding height of the place from the mean sea level.

The main cause of the pressure belts is the heat from the Sun, the pressure belts follow the annual apparent migration of the sun to the north in summer and to the south in winter. This is known as the shifting of the pressure belts.

There is a close relationship between temperature and pressure conditions of the air. Higher the temperature, lower will be the pressure and vice-versa. When the air is heated, the molecules expand and the air becomes light. The tropical region received almost perpendicular rays of the sun. As a result, the air is heated and rises upwards in the form of convectional currents and has become low pressure belt.

150 million km. 

The doldrums is the equatorial belt of calms and variable wind lying over the equatorial through of low pressure roughly between 5° N to S latitudes. This belt of calm lies between the two trade wind belts. In the late afternoon. There is strong convection which brings about heavy. thunderstorm. Because, of prevailing calm conditions the atmosphere in the doldrums is hot, oppressive and sticky.

Equatorial low pressure region is known as ‘Doldrums.

The outer surface of the sun is known as Photosphere 

The weight of air on a unit area is called air pressure or atmospheric pressure.

In the costal regions temperature condition is modified by the oceans to large extent and thus experiences warm summers and mild winters. The amount of rainfall also decreases from coastal region to the interior. Similarly the range of temperature is maximum in the interior regions making it a continental climate.

The amount of rainfall also decreases from coastal region to the interior Similarly the range of temperature is maximum in the interior regions making it a continental climate.

The distribution of pressure over the earth’s surface or part of it is shown by means of isobars.

The term isobar means line of joining the places of equal pressure. Important characteristics of isobars are: 

• If the isobars are far apart, it indicates gentle pressure gradient as well as calm weather characterized with light surface winds. 
• The isobars usually follows east-west trend. 
• The isobars deviate in their trend at the point of their entrance from sea to land as well as from land to sea. 
• The isobars are almost parallel to latitudes in the southern hemisphere due to predominance of oceans. 
• If the isobars are close to earth other it represents steep isobaric gradient. It also indicates more atmospheric disturbances as well as strong winds.

Winds have certain characteristic features. They are.

• Winds blow parallel to the earth’s surface. 
• Winds are named after the direction from which they blow. If they blow from the west, they are called westerlies and if they blow from the easterlies. 
• Winds follow ferrel’s law. As per the ferrel’s law, winds get deflected to the right of their path I the northern hemisphere, and to the left of their path in the southern hemisphere 
• The movement of the wind is due to pressure. That is the movement of the wind is due to the differences in air pressure between two places. Wind always moves from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. 
• The speed and velocity of the wind will depend upon the pressure gradient. The steeper the pressure gradient, the grater is the velocity of the wind. 
• Natural or artificial barriers like mountains, forests, buildings, etc. cause friction and check the force of the wind.

Various gases, water vapour and dust particles

1. Mesosphere.

2. Centigrade and Fahrenhei

3. Temperature

4. Wind

5 Wind vane or weather clock.

6. Seasonal winds

7. Wool packs.

8. Mare’s tail or witch’s broom

Atmospheric pressure is influenced by various factors. Most important among them are:

a. Temperature: There is a close relationship between temperature and pressure conditions of the air. Higher the temperature, lower will be the pressure and vice-versa. When the air is heated, the molecules expand and the air becomes light. The tropical region receives almost perpendicular rays of the sun. As a result, the air is heated and raised upwards in the form of convectional currents and has become a low pressure belt. 

b. Altitude: The air pressure is associated with altitude or height. Much of the atmospheric air is concentrated in the lower layers of the atmosphere. With the increase of height pressure decreases but not always at constant level. On the basis of this principle “Altimeter’ is invented. This instrument measures the pressure of Atmosphere and denotes corresponding height of the place from the mean sea level, 

c. Water Vapor: The amount of water vapour in the air also influence on the atmospheric pressure. Water vapour is lighter than air. So more the vapour lighter will be the air. The dry air is heavier than vapour laden. It is because of this reason the air with more amount of vapour becomes lighter and raised upwards leading to condensation and precipitation.

d. Rotation of the Earth: The spinning of the earth on. its axis also causes variation in the atmospheric pressure. The spinning action also causes spinning of air mass and the cold air near the poles is rarefred to form low pressure belts.

The important components of the atmosphere are Nitrogen, oxygen, Argon, carbon dioxide, ozone.

These are Imaginary lines drawn on the map or globe connecting places having the same pressure.

The important factors that influence atmospheric temperature are latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, wind, ocean currents, relief, clouds, rainfall. Etc.

The rate at which the atmospheric pressure changes horizontally is called pressure gradient.

• Air pressure decreases with altitude.
• The air molecules became scattered and more widely spaced at higher altitudes.
• The air pressure develops by 34 millibars per 300 metres increase in height.

Low Pressure and High Pressure.

The different atmospheric layers are Troposphere* Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.

Air has weight and it exerts pressure. This is called atmospheric pressure.

Subtropical high pressure belt is known as ‘horse Latitudes’.

It is a phenomenon of coloured light’s seen in the sky in the northern hemisphers 661/2° North to 90°North

The average atmospheric pressure at the sea level is 1013.25 mb. 

Equatorial belt of low pressure experiences calm conditions and variable winds so it is known as the belt of doldrums.

There are seven pressure belts on the globe. 

The thin layer extends from the ozonosphere form an altitude of about 80 to 640 km above the earth surface.

(d) Exosphere

(b) Thermosphere

A thin layer of air separating mesosphere from other upper layers is named as ‘Mesopause’.

Stratosphere.

(a) Troposphere

A layer above the stratosphere, which extends between 50 to 80km, is known as the mesosphere. 

Troposphere .

The lower portion of the stratosphere having a greater concentration of ozone is called “Ozonosphere”. It lies between the heights of 30 to 60km.

The upper limit of the stratosphere is known as “stratopause” 

The important features of the troposphere are: 

• Hydrological cycle 
• Lapse rate 
• Clouds 
• Gaseous mass.

The layer just above the troposphere is called stratosphere. It extends, up to a height of about 50km.

The upper part of troposphere is known as “tropopause”.

(A) Troposphere

Tropical zone-The part of the earth's surface lying between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Frigid zone- The area or region between the arctic circle and the north pole or between the antarctic circle and the south pole is frigid zone.