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• P4­ Phosphorous MOLECULE (TETRA atomic)
• STRUCTURE ­- Tetrahedral
• BOND angle – (60 DEGREES)

Sources of PHOSPHOROUS are Phosphate rocks

• Flourapatite {2Ca3 (PO4)2 CAF2}
• PHOSPHORITE {Ca3 (PO4)2}

Sources of Phosphorous are Phosphate rocks

Each nitrogen MOLECULE contain one sigma and 2 PI BONDS

Each nitrogen molecule contain one sigma and 2 Pi bonds

225 Kcal/mole or 945.4 KJ/mole

225 Kcal/mole or 945.4 KJ/mole

In Diborane B­H­B, bridge, which is FORMED by the SHARING of TWO electrons, is called banana bond or TAU bond Diborane CONTAINS two banana bonds.

In Diborane B­H­B, bridge, which is formed by the sharing of two electrons, is called banana bond or Tau bond Diborane contains two banana bonds.

The Diborane (B2H6) is PREPARED by the REDUCTION of BCl3 with aluminium hydride B2H6+3AlCl3+3LiClà4 BCl3+3LiAlH4

The Diborane (B2H6) is prepared by the reduction of BCl3 with aluminium hydride B2H6+3AlCl3+3LiClà4 BCl3+3LiAlH4

Lithium (LI+) does not PRODUCE alums because of its very SMALL SIZE.

Lithium (Li+) does not produce alums because of its very small size.

A MIXTURE of FE2O3 and ammonium POWDER in 3:1 RATIO is CALLED Thermite mixture.

A mixture of Fe2O3 and ammonium powder in 3:1 ratio is called Thermite mixture.

It is a MIXTURE of AMMONIUM nitrate and aluminium powder is CALLED ammonal, which is used as an EXPLOSIVE in Bombs.

It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder is called ammonal, which is used as an explosive in Bombs.

The reluctances of ns electrons in the participation of bond formation is called INERT PAIR EFFECT.

The reluctances of ns electrons in the participation of bond formation is called inert pair effect.

ALUMINIUM (AL) (7.28%)

Aluminium (Al) (7.28%)

Electron CONSIST of 95 % mg, 5% ZN.

Electron consist of 95 % mg, 5% Zn.

Ca (H2Po4)2 CASO4. 2H2O. Super phosphate of LIME is also CALLED as Calcium super Phosphate Sixth GROUP elements are called as.Chalcogens (ore forming elements)

Ca (H2Po4)2 caSO4. 2H2O. Super phosphate of lime is also called as Calcium super Phosphate Sixth group elements are called as.Chalcogens (ore forming elements)

Because of the ABSENCE of d­orbital in its valency shells ORTHO Phosphoric acid is. Give OXIDATION no of PHOSPHOROUS in it.

H3PO4­ortho phosphoric acid Oxidation STATE of phosphorous is +5.

Because of the absence of d­orbital in its valency shells Ortho Phosphoric acid is. Give oxidation no of phosphorous in it.

H3PO4­ortho phosphoric acid Oxidation state of phosphorous is +5.

TEN ELEMENTS from SC (Z=21) to ZN (z=30) or {Sc –scandium to Zn (ZINC)}.

Ten elements from Sc (Z=21) to Zn (z=30) or {Sc –scandium to Zn (zinc)}.

The formula of Sodium Thio Sulphate is Na2S2O3. H2O is called as HYPO Oxidation STATE of SULPHUR in it is +6 0r ­2.

The formula of Sodium Thio Sulphate is Na2S2O3. H2O is called as hypo Oxidation state of Sulphur in it is +6 0r ­2.

NACN and KCN

NaCN and KCN

The FORMULA for PERAL ASH is K2CO3.

The formula for Peral Ash is K2CO3.

(NA2) B4 (O7) .10(H2) O

(Na2) B4 (O7) .10(H2) O

SODIUM CHLORIDE, LIMESTONE and AMMONIA.

Sodium Chloride, limestone and ammonia.

LITHIUM, SODIUM, and POTASSIUM

Lithium, Sodium, and potassium

DUE to FORMATION of SOLVATED or Ammoniated ELECTRONS

Due to formation of solvated or Ammoniated electrons

The distribution of ELECTRONS into Hybrid orbitals is as per the Paulis Exclusion PRINCIPLE and the HUNDS rule of MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY.

The distribution of electrons into Hybrid orbitals is as per the Paulis Exclusion principle and the Hunds rule of Maximum Multiplicity.

The repulsion between LONE pair and lone pair electrons In NH3 MOLECULE, the BOND ANGLE decreases from 109.28 to 107.3 why does it happen.The more repulsion between lone pair and bond pair.

The repulsion between lone pair and lone pair electrons In NH3 molecule, the bond angle decreases from 109.28 to 107.3 why does it happen.The more repulsion between lone pair and bond pair.

VSEPR theory was proposed by Sedgwick and POWELL. It explains the SHAPES of POLYATOMIC molecules.

VSEPR theory was proposed by Sedgwick and Powell. It explains the shapes of polyatomic molecules.

The INTERMOLECULAR distance between the bonded ATOMS in a molecule is called BOND LENGTH and the units are Angstrom units (A0).

The intermolecular distance between the bonded atoms in a molecule is called bond length and the units are Angstrom units (A0).

C2H6>C2H4 >C2H2

c2h6>c2h4 >c2h2

The angle between the lines JOINING the nuclei of the BONDED ATOM with a central atom is CALLED bond angle.

The angle between the lines joining the nuclei of the bonded atom with a central atom is called bond angle.

1st A group because the OXIDES and hydrides are alkaline in nature Among 1A group elements why the element lithium is the most powerful, reducing agent in EQUIVALENT state DUE to its low sublimation and hydration energy.

1st A group because the oxides and hydrides are alkaline in nature Among 1A group elements why the element lithium is the most powerful, reducing agent in equivalent state Due to its low sublimation and hydration energy.

When a molecule is REPRESENTED by TWO or more nearly EQUAL structures, which differ in the arrangement of electrons, then the molecule is said to exhibit resonance.

When a molecule is represented by two or more nearly equal structures, which differ in the arrangement of electrons, then the molecule is said to exhibit resonance.

The amount of energy released when one MOLE of BONDS are formed between the corresponding GASEOUS atoms is CALLED Bond energy.

The amount of energy released when one mole of bonds are formed between the corresponding gaseous atoms is called Bond energy.

Francium.

Francium.

Lithium

Lithium

Electropositive, Density,Basic nature, CLASSICAL reactivity Electropositive, Density, Basic nature, classical reactivity, and solubility GENERALLY INCREASE from top to BOTTOM from lithium to caesium.

Electropositive, Density,Basic nature, classical reactivity Electropositive, Density, Basic nature, classical reactivity, and solubility generally increase from top to bottom from lithium to caesium.

Electropositive, Density,BASIC nature, classical reactivity Electro affinity, electro negativity, Ionisational POTENTIAL,melting and boiling POINTS decreases from top to bottom in a group 1A from LITHIUM to caesium.

Electropositive, Density,Basic nature, classical reactivity Electro affinity, electro negativity, Ionisational potential,melting and boiling points decreases from top to bottom in a group 1A from lithium to caesium.

10­18 e.s.u – CM

10­18 e.s.u – Cm

Co­ordination COVALENT bond is formed by the mutual sharing of pair of ELECTRONS between two atoms CONTRIBUTED by only one of the COMBINING atoms.

Co­ordination covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of pair of electrons between two atoms contributed by only one of the combining atoms.

MOLECULAR orbital THEORY, PROPOSED by Hunds and MULLIKEN

Molecular orbital theory, proposed by Hunds and Mulliken

SPACE ISOMERISM

Space Isomerism

In polar covalent molecule, one ATOM GETS POSITIVE charge and the other one gets NEGATIVE charge hence called dipole.

In polar covalent molecule, one atom gets positive charge and the other one gets negative charge hence called dipole.

The covalent bond formed by the UNEQUAL sharing of electrons between the TWO atoms is CALLED POLAR covalent bond.

The covalent bond formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between the two atoms is called polar covalent bond.

DOUBLE bond = 1 SIGMA bond and ONE PI bond AMONG sigma and Pi bonds which is the stronger one Sigma bond is Stronger than pi bond

Double bond = 1 Sigma bond and one Pi bond Among sigma and Pi bonds which is the stronger one Sigma bond is Stronger than pi bond

IONIC bond is Electrostatic. It is NON directional, so Ionic COMPOUNDS does not SHOW the PROPERTY of Space Isomerism.

Ionic bond is Electrostatic. It is non directional, so Ionic compounds does not show the property of Space Isomerism.

The STRUCTURE of cscl is Body Centered CUBIC and the Co-ordination NUMBER of CsCl is 8.

The structure of cscl is Body Centered Cubic and the Co-ordination number of CsCl is 8.

The structure of NACL is face CENTERED CUBIC and Co­-ordination number of Nacl is 6.

The structure of Nacl is face centered Cubic and Co­-ordination number of Nacl is 6.

The number of appositively charged IONS surrounded a PARTICULAR ion in an ionic CRYSTAL lattice is CALLED co­-ordination number.

The number of appositively charged ions surrounded a particular ion in an ionic crystal lattice is called co­-ordination number.

The RATIO between the RADIUS of CATION and the radius of ANION is called LIMITING radius.

The ratio between the radius of cation and the radius of anion is called Limiting radius.

The relation between reaction taking PLACE in one of the SEVERAL STAGES and the TOTAL amount of energy LIBERATED in the reaction is same.

The relation between reaction taking place in one of the several stages and the total amount of energy liberated in the reaction is same.

With the HELP of BORN HABER’s CYCLE.

With the help of Born Haber’s cycle.

Born­Haber CYCLE is useful for CALCULATION of lattice energy, HEAT of reaction and ELECTRON AFFINITY.

Born­Haber cycle is useful for calculation of lattice energy, heat of reaction and electron affinity.