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3351.

Question : What were the limitations of Dobreiner's classification?

Answer»

Solution :He classified in group of THREE such that atomic No. of middle elements is average of first and third element. Eg: Li(7), Na(23), K(39), Limitations :
* Dobereiner could find only three TRIADS, i.e. total of 9 elements only.
* However the total number of elements were more than that of those encompassed in Dobereiner.s triad.
* Thus Dobereiner could not CLASSIFY most of the elements known at that time..
Discussion
3352.

Question : How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal ? Give any two methods.

Answer»

Solution :The following measures can be adopted for reducing the problem of waste DISPOSAL :
(i) Segregation of waste at source.
(ii) REDUCE the VOLUME of waste by burning in incinerator.
(iii) Produce compost and BIOGAS from biodegradable waste.
Discussion
3353.

Question : How can you find the age of fossiles ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The AGE of fossils is determined by radiactive elements PRESENT in it. The elements may be carbon, uranium, lead or potassium Carbon CONSUMPTION of animals and plants stops after death, and the decaying process of`C^(14)`occurs continuouslt. The time passed since death of a plant or animal can be calculated by measuring the amount of `C^(14)` present in their body.
Discussion
3354.

Question : How can we say that change in genes can be brought about by change in DNA ?

Answer»

Solution :(a) A gene is a specific portion of DNA, occupying a specific location.
(b) It provides information for protein SYNTHESIS.
(c) It also provides STABILITY to the species.
THUS, any change in genes will bring about change in DNA.
Discussion
3355.

Question : How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of (a) Forests and wildlife, (b) Water resources and (c) Coal and petroleum ?

Answer»

Solution :Contribution of an individual to the management of:
(a) Forests and wildlife : Do not waste paper, use less paper, recycle the waste paper, minimise the wooden furniture, etc. help into save trees.
Any animal products like fur, skin, tusk, horn, etc. should not be used by KILLING them.
(b) Water resources : Stop the wastage of water in daily routine. INSTEAD of shower, use buckets to TAKE bath, to wash the car. Close the taps properly. Do not let the water run while brushing, soaping or washing.
(c) Coal and petroleum : To walk or to use a BICYCLE over a short distance, use of public transport switching of unnecessary ELECTRICAL appliances.
Discussion
3356.

Question : How can male and female Ascarisbe identified?

Answer»

The POSTERIOR END of male is STRAIGHT while that of female is curved
Anterior end of female is curved while that of male is straight
Posterior end of male is curved while THATOF female is straight
Anterior end of male is curved while that offemale is straight 

ANSWER :C
Discussion
3357.

Question : How canmenstrualhygienebe maintainedduringmenstrualdays?

Answer»

Solution :Maintaining menstrual hygiene is important for the overall health of women.
(a) Sanitary pads should be changed regularly, to avoid INFECTIONS due to microbes from VAGINA and sweat from genitals.
(B) Use of warm water to clean genitals, to get rid of menstrual cramps.
(c)WEARING loose clothing, to ensure the air flow around the genitals, to prevent sweating.
Discussion
3358.

Question : How can informational efforts change people's HIV knowledge and behaviour ?

Answer»

Solution :(a) Find the latest information about the viral suppression and Viral Load MONITORING,
(b) Find the latest prevention and how to talk with PATIENTS with HIV about, what it means for them.
(c) Learn how HIV care providers, can identify and ADDRESS mental health and SUBSTANCE use DISORDERS to help patients, adhere to HIV treatment and remain in care.
Discussion
3359.

Question : How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?

Answer»

Solution :1. Physical properties:
1. Smell:- Ethanoic acid has a pungent smell while ethanol has a pleasant smell.
2. Melting point :- The melting point of ethanol is much lower (156k) than that of ethanoic acid (290k) In winter season ethanoic acid FREEZES to form GLACIER like crystal while ethanol remains as a liquid.
3. Boiling point:- The boiling point of ethanoic acid is much higher (391)k than that of ethanol (351k).
4. Action of litmus:- Ethanol is a neutral COMPOUND and hence it neither turns blue litmus red, nor red litmus blue. In contrast ethanoic acid is acidic in nature and hence turns blue litmus red.
II Chemical properties:
1. Action of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate:- Ethanoic acid produce brisk EFFERVESENCE due to the evolution of Co, gas from sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate but ethanol does not.
`2CH_3COOH + Na_2 CO_3 to 2Ch_3COONa + CO_2 + H_2O`
`CH_3 COOH + NaHCO_3 to CH_3 COOHNa + CO_2 + h_2O`
Action of alkaline potassium permanaganate:- Ethanol discharges the PINK colour of `KMnO_4 `but ethanoic acid does not
Discussion
3360.

Question : How can high blood pressureharm us ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Highblood pressure can LEAD to the ruptureof an ARTERY and internalbleeding and DAMAGE BRAIN and kidneys.
Discussion
3361.

Question : How can bio-diversity be conserved?

Answer»

Solution :Biodiversity can be conserved in the following ways:
(i) PROTECTING rare species of organisms.
(ii) Establishing NATIONAL PARKS and sanctuaries.
(iii) Declaring some regions as .bioreserves..
(iv) Projects for conservation of special species.
(v) Conserving all plants and animals.
(vi) Maintaining records of the TRADITIONAL knowledge.
(vii) OBEYING the rules.
Discussion
3362.

Question : How callus is developed and what is the use of callus ? Explain.

Answer»

Solution :Tissue culture advanced technique by which new plants are grown by removing tissue or separating cells from the growing tip of a plant i.e., root APEX or stem apex. This reglon has meristematic tissue. The cells from the growing tip of a plant are placed in an artificial medium containing GROWTH promoting hormone. The cells divide rapidly to form a small cell mass called callus.
The callus is transferred to another medium containing hormones for growth and differentiation. The plantlets are placed in the soil so that they can grow into mature plants.
Advantages : (1) Many plants can be grown from ONE parent in disease-free conditions.
(2) This technique is commonly used for ornamental plants.
Discussion
3363.

Question : How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Answer»

Solution :In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stem and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water­ conducting channels REACHING all parts of the plant. The root hairs are directly in contact with the film of water in between the soil particles. Water gets into the root hairs by the process of diffusion. At the roots, CELLS in contact with the soil ACTIVELY take up ions. This creates a difference in concentration of these ions between the root and the soil. Water, Absorption of water through root hair therefore, MOVES into the root from the soil. Hence, there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards. Also, water is lost from the aerial parts of plant (transpiration). Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of the leaf creates a SUCTION which pulls water from the xylem cell of roots (the transpiration pull).Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
Discussion
3364.

Question : Howare waterand mineralstransported in plants ?

Answer»

Solution :In plants, water and mineralsare transportedthrough xylem. The xylem vesselsand tracheidsareinterconnected throughoutroots,stem and leaves to form continuous water conducting channels. There are three factors/forces that help in TRANSPORTATION :
(i)Root Pressure - The root hair, in contact with soil, take up water and minerals. This creates a concentration gradientinsidethe rootand OUTSIDE. Thus more water MOVES in, CREATING pressureinside the roots, known as rootpressure. Thisinducessteady movementof WATERINTO rootxylem.
(ii)Transpirational Pull- Theleaves, on top,are continuously losing water, due to transpiration.This process resultsin upward pull of water and minerals, fromroots to leaves,due to suction pull. Thus transpiration is a major force during the day.
(iii)Cohesion - Adhesion- Strong force of attraction between two watermolecules (cohesion) and between water and xylem (adhesion) results in a continuous column of water which is pushed inwards dueto root pressure and upward due to transpiration pull.
Discussion
3365.

Question : How are water and minerals transported in plants ?

Answer»

Solution :Water and minerals are TRANSPORTED through xylem cells from soil to the leaves. The xylem cells of roots stem and leaves are interconnected to form a conducting channel that reaches all parts of the plant. The root cells take ions from the soil. This creates a difference between the concentration of ions of roots and soil. Therefore, there is a steady movement of water into xylem. An osmotic pressure is formed and water and minerals are transported from ONE cell to the other cell due to osmosis. The continous loss of water TAKES place due to transpiration. Because of transpiration a suction pressure is created as a result of which water is forced into the xylem cells of roots. The effect of root pressure for transportation in plants is more important in night while during laytime transpiration PULL becomes the major driving force.
Discussion
3366.

Question : How are threatened species classified ?

Answer»

Solution :Classification of threatned species:
(i) ENDANGERED species : EITHER number of these organisms is declined or their habitat is shrunk to such an extent that they can be extinct in near future if conservative measures are not implemented.Example : Lion tailed monkey, lesser florican.
(ii) Rare Species : Number of these organisms is considerably declined. Organisms of these species being endemic may BECOME extinct very FAST. Example : Red panda, musk DEER.
(iii) Indeterminate species : These organisms appear to be endangered but due to some of their behavioural habits there is no definite and substantial information. Example : Giant squirrel.
Discussion
3367.

Question : How are traits controlled by genes ?

Answer»

Solution :Cellular DNA is the INFORMATION SOURCE for making proteins in the cell.
`rarr` Gene is a section of DNA that provides information for specific protein.
`rarr` Such protein may act as an enzyme.
Enzyme stimulates SPE reaction organism.
`rarr` The product that is formed in the reaction imparts specific characteristic.
`rarr` Example : Tallness is a characteristic or trait of garden pea plant.
`rarr` Plant height depends on the amount of a particular plant hormone synthesized, which in turn trigger the growth.
`rarr` The amount of the plant hormone synthesized depends upon the efficiency of the process for synthesising respective enzyme.
`rarr` If specific enzyme/protein works efficiently, more hormone is released and the plant becomes tall.
`rarr` If the gene for tallness is altered, the enzyme is less efficient, the amount of hormone formed will also be less. Consequently making plant short.
Thus, genes control characteristics or traits VIA synthesis of proteins.
Discussion
3368.

Question : How are the modes of reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The unicellular ORGANISMS have only one cell. There is no separate TISSUE for reproduction. So, they can REPRODUCE asexually by the process of fission (binary or multiple) or budding as in yeast. On the other hand, the multicellular organisms, contain various cells and have separate systems for reproduction. So, they can reproduce by both sexual and ASEXUAL reproduction \
Discussion
3369.

Question : How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Answer»

SOLUTION :DIFFERENCE between modes of reproduction in unicellular and multicellular ORGANISM are given below :
Discussion
3370.

Question : How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multi-cellular organisms ?

Answer»

Solution :Unicellular ORGANISMS multiply by simple cell DIVISION, i.e., by fission, BUDDING. multi-cellular organisms have complex body organisation. They need to use more complex WAYS of reproduction MAINLY by sexual reproduction.
Discussion
3371.

Question : How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?

Answer»

Solution :In LUNGS, the bronchioles terminatein balloon-like structures called alveoli . The alveoli provide extensive surface where the exchangeof gases can take place. The THIN, moist, permeable walls of alveolifacilitate quick diffusion andexchange of gases. Moreover it is richly supplied with bloodcapillaries.[The ALVEOLAR area, if spread out, COVERS about`80 m^(2)`which is more than our body surface area ]
Discussion
3372.

Question : How are the factors different in each case ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In each case, the FACTORS are DIFFERENT on the basis of its AVAILABILITY.
Discussion
3373.

Question : How are the areas of study-evolution and classification interlinked ?

Answer»

Solution :Classification involves grouping of organism into a formal system based on similarities in internal and external structure or evolutionary HISTORY. Two species are more closely related if they have more characteristics in common. And if two species are more closely related then it MEANS they have a more recent ancestor. For example in a family, a brother and sister are closely related and they have a recent common ancestor i,e,their parents. A brother and his cousin are also related but less than the sister and her brother. This is because the brother and his cousin have a common ancestor i.e, their grandparents in the second generation. Whereas the parents were from the first generation with SUBSEQUENT generation the variations make organism more different than their ancestors. This DISCUSSION clearly proves that we classify organism according to there resemblance which is similar to creating an evolutionary TREE
Discussion
3374.

Question : How are the areas of study-evolution and classification interlinked?

Answer»

Solution :Characteristics of organisms refer to the details of their external and internal appearance or behaviour that distinguish them from one ANOTHER. These characteristics of organisms ALSO form the BASIS for the classification of organisms. The more characteristics two species have in common, the more closely they are related. And the more closely they are related the more recently they will have had a common ANCESTOR. By identifying hierarchies of characteristics between species, we can work out the EVOLUTIONARY relationships of the species we see around us. Thus, we can appreciate that classification of species is in fact reflection of their evolutionary relationship.
Discussion
3375.

Question : How are the areas of study - evolution and classification - interlinked ?

Answer»

Solution :ONE can work out the EVOLUTIONARY relationships of the species by identifying hierarchies of characteristics between them. Similarities among organisms will ALLOW US to group them together. If the characteristics between two species are more common, then they are more closely related and they had a recent common ancestor.
Thus, build up small group of species with recent common ancestors, then super group with more distant common ancestors and so on. By this one can interlink the study of evolution and classification.
Discussion
3376.

Question : How are the areas of study - evolution and classification interlinked ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Out of SYLLABUS.
Discussion
3377.

Question : How are the area of study-evolution and classification-interlinked?

Answer»

Solution :The area of STUDY evolution and classification are interlinked because the more CHARACTERISTICS two SPECIES will have in COMMON, the more closely they are related, the more recently they will have had a common ancestor.
Discussion
3378.

Question : Howare the alveoli designed to maximisethe exchange of gases ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In lungs, the bronchioles terminate in balloon-like structurescalled alveoli. The alveoli provideextensive surface wherethe exchange of GASES can take PLACE. The THIN, moist, permeable walls of alveoli facilitatequick diffusion and exchange of gases. Moreover it isrichly supplied with blood capillaries. [Thealveolar AREA, if spread out, it coversabout`80 m^(2)`which is more than ourbody surface area]
Discussion
3379.

Question : How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The alevoli are the SMALL BALLOON like structure present in the lungs: The walls of the alveoli consist ofextensive network of blood vessels. Each lung CONTAINES 300-350 million alevoli, making it a total of approximately, 700 million in both the lungs. The alevolia surface when spread out covers about 80 `m^2` area. The large surface area MAKES the gaseous exchange more efficient.
Discussion
3380.

Question : How are stem cells useful in regenerative process ?

Answer»

Solution :Sometimes cells, tissues and ORGANS in the body may be permanently damaged or lost due to GENETIC condition or disease or injury. In such situations, stem cells are used for the TREATMENT of diseases, which is called stem cell therapy. In treating neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson.s disease and Alzheimer.s disease neuronal stem cells can be used to REPLACE the damaged or lost neurons
Discussion
3381.

Question : How are sperms cells adapted for their function?

Answer»

Solution :1) Sperm cell is adapted to its function by carrying genetic information to an egg.
2) Its body consists of four parts:
1) Head 2) Neck 3) Middle piece and 4) Tail.
3) Sperm has a stream lined body that allows it to move quickly.
4) Nucleus is present in the head
5) Special structure on the head called acrosome helps in penetratingthe ovum during fertilisation.
6) The head of sperms also contain enzymes to breakdown and digest the zone on the egg through which it penetrates and fertilise it.
7) large number of mitochondria are persent in the midregation, so it is able to PRODUCE a lot of energy in the ORDER to operate tail.
8) Its tail allows it to SWIM towards the egg for fertilisation.
Discussion
3382.

Question : How are new combinations of variants produced generation after generation ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Each new variation is made in a DNA COPY that already has variation ACCUMULATED from previous generations. During SEXUAL reproduction, variations from two individuals are RECOMBINED.
Discussion
3383.

Question : (a) What is myelin sheath? (b) How are neurons classified based on function?

Answer»

Solution :On the BASIS of functions the neurons are categorised as:
(a) Sensory or afferent neurons, which CARRY IMPULSES from the sense organ to the central nervous SYSTEM.
(B) Motor or efferent neuron, which carry impulses from the central nervous system to effector organ such as the muscle fibre and the gland.
(c ) Association neurons, which conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons.
Discussion
3384.

Question : How are lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases ?

Answer»

Solution :Within the lungs , the primary bronchi divides into SMALLER and smaller tubes which finally terminate into balloon-like structures called alveoli . These alveoli increase the surface AREA for exchange of gases . There are 750 million alveoli in the lungs of man . If the alveolar surface is spread out it would cover about `80 m^2` . Thus it makes efficient exchange of gases .
Each alveolus of air sac has a DIAMETER of 75 to 300 microns and has a very thin wall. The walls of the alveoli are elastic and are supplied with capillaries . Through these thin walls gases are exchanged between the capillaries and the air sacs.
Discussion
3385.

Question : How are Leeches used in modern times?

Answer»

Solution :In modern times, Leeches FIND medical use in treatment of JOINT diseases such as Epicondylitis and Osteoarthritis, Extremity vein diseases and Micro surgery.
HIRUDIN is a valuable DRUG for some blood clotting disorders. There are doctors who will use Leeches to treat muscle cramps.
Discussion
3386.

Question : How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?

Answer»

Solution :Involuntary action do not require thinking. It is controlled by BRAIN. For EXAMPLE, beating of heart beat. While on the other hand, the reflex action is rapid and spontaneous action in response to any stimulus. It doesn.t INVOLVE brain.
Discussion
3387.

Question : How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other? Which are the symptoms observed in sexually matured females? When a matured female receives male sex cells due to sexual contact what changes will happen in her uterus?

Answer»

Solution :General growth is the growth of the human body such as increase in height, weight, change in shape and size. Sexual maturation refers to the changes that the human body undergoes at puberty like change of voice in males, breast development in females, menstruation in female, growth of hair in public region etc.
Increase in breast size.
Broadening of HIPS.
Appearance of hair under the armpits and in the genital area.
Beginning of menstrual cycle (uterus and ovary enlarge, ovary STARTS releasing egg)
Pimples on SKIN appear due to secretion of oil from the skin.
Once the zygote is implanted in the uterine wall, several changes takes place in the uterus. Uterus prepares itself to receive and nature the growing EMBRYO. The uterine LINING thickens and is richly supplied with blood to give support and nourishment to the growing embryo.
Discussion
3388.

Question : How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?

Answer»

Solution :GENERAL growth refers to different TYPES of developmental process in the body like increase in height, weight gain, changes in shape and size of the body but SEXUAL maturation is specific to changes REFLECTED at puberty like cracking of voice, NEW hair patterns, development of breast in female, etc.
Discussion
3389.

Question : How are fats digested in our bodies ? Where does this process take place ?

Answer»

Solution :DIGESTION of fats takes place in the small intestine the fats are digested by the digestive ENZYMES. The fats arc present in the from. of large globle in the small intestine. Bile juice sccreted by the liver is produced in the intestine along. pulureatic juice. The bile SALTS present in the bile juice EMULSIFY the large globles of fats.
So by cmulsification large globles breakdown into fine globules to provide large surface ARCA to act upon by the enzymes: Enzyme present in the pancratic juice cause breakdown of emusified fats. Glands present in the wall of small intestine secretes intestinal juice which contains lipase enzyme that converts fats into faty acids and glyccrol.
Discussion
3390.

Question : How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?

Answer»

Solution :The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of fats. The FOOD coming from the stomach is ACIDIC and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. It is made alkaline by BILE juice secreted by the liver. The upper part of small intestine, also called duodenum, receives bile juice from the liver and the enzyme lipase from pancreas. Bile salts break them down into smaller globules thereby increasing the efficiency of enzyme ACTION and lipase breaks down the emulsified fats. The wall of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These are absorbed by villi and passed to every cell for OBTAINING energy.
Discussion
3391.

Question : Howare fats digested in our bodies ? Where does thisprocess take place

Answer»

Solution :Digestion of fats takes place in the SMALL intestine.
Fatsentering in intesting are in the form of LARGE globules . BILE juice breaksdown these large globules into small, fine globules by theprocess known as EMULSIFICATION . Afterwards fat digesting enzyme lipase present in the pancreatic juice and intestinal juice CONVERTS it into fatty acidsand glycerol.
Discussion
3392.

Question : How are fats digested in our bodies ? Where does the process take place?

Answer»

Solution :Digestion of fats takes PLACE in the intestine. Lipases are the enzymes which hydrolyse fats. The fats are emulsified by the BILE salts PRESENT in bile. The emulsified fats are ACTED upon by PANCREATIC lipase (strepsin) which hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The intestinal lipase also hydrolyses the emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Fats `overset("Emulsified")underset("by Bile salts")(to)` Emulsified Fats
Emulsified Fats `overset("Pancreatic Lipase")underset("Intestinal lipase")(to)` Fatty acids + Glycerol (End products)
Discussion
3393.

Question :How are electric energy conserved?

Answer»

Solution :• Use energy EFFICIENT appliances to save electricity like compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), LIGHT EMITTING Diode [LED] bulbs and other electrical equipments.
• Switch off the lights and fans, television and other electrical appliances, when not in use.
• Switch of the mobile phone chargers when not in use.
• Use more off solar RADIATION. Solar water heating system can be used instead of electric geysers.
• MINIMISE the use of air conditioners.
Discussion
3394.

Question :How are e-wastes generated?

Answer»

SOLUTION :E-wastes are GENERATED from SPOILED, out DATED, non-repairable electrical and ELECTRONIC devices.
Discussion
3395.

Question : Howare arteriesand veinsstructuarllydifferentfromone another ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
3396.

Question : How and which different varieties of cabbage are developed from the wild variety of cabbage by the farmers?

Answer»

Solution :Varied organisms are evolved from common ancestor.
From wild variety of cabbage several different varieties of plants are cultivated by artificial selection. Before two thousand years farmers were an edible variety of PRODUCING wild cabbage plant. Its closely arranged leaves at SHORT DISTANCES were used as food.
Some farmers have obtained variety of cabbage in which flower development was arrested and then they were cultivated as broccoli.
Some farmers have obtained variety of cabbage having sterile flowers and they were cultivated as cauliflower.
Some farmers selected the swollen PORTION of the wild cabbage and developed new variety CALLED Kohlrabi from this.
Some farmers have developed a few larger leaves of the wild cabbage as a new variety called Kale, a leafy vegetable.
All these varieties are apparently quite different individually from the ancestral wild cabbage.
Discussion
3397.

Question : How anaerobic microorganisms help in formation of fuel ?

Answer»

Solution :Anaerobic microorganisms (Methanogenic BACTERIA) produce BIOGAS by decomposition of complex compounds that PRESENT in cow-dung slurry.
Discussion
3398.

Question : Hormones of hypothalamus are called

Answer»

REGULATORY HORMONES
GROWTH hormones
TROPHIC hormones
angiotensins

Answer :C
Discussion
3399.

Question : Hormone oxytocin at the time to birth acts on uterus by

Answer»

stimulating the smooth muscles to contract
reducing the lumen of uterus
INCREASING the MOVEMENT of foetus
PRODUCING rhythmic MOVEMENTS in uterus

Answer :A
Discussion
3400.

Question : Homologous structures have

Answer»

DISSIMILAR ORIGIN and dissimilar FUNCTIONS
dissimilar origin but SIMILAR functions
similar origin but similar or dissimilar functions
dissimilar origin and dissimilar structure

Answer :C
Discussion