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7851.

Question : What is non-reciprocal chiasma?

Answer»

Solution :When all the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes PARTICIPATE in crossing over and chaisma MAY be FORMED between all the non-sister chromatids of the BIVALENT resulting only recombined or cross-overed chromatids, the chiasma may be termed as non-reciprocal chiasma.
Discussion
7852.

Question : What is nitrogen narcosis ? What is its effect ?

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Solution :When a person descends deep into the sea, the pressure in the surrounding water increases which causes the lungs to decrease in volume. This decrease in volume increases the partial pressure of the gases within the lungs. This effect can be beneficial, because it tends to drive additional oxygen into the circulation, but this benefit also has a risk, the increased pressure can also drive nitrogen gas into the circulation. This increase in blood nitrogen content can lead to a condition called nitrogen narcosis. When the diver ASCENDS to the surface too quickly a condition called 'BENDS' or decompression sickness occurs and nitrogen comes out of solution while STILL in the blood forming bubbles. Small bubbles in the blood are not HARMFUL, but large bubbles can lodge in small capillaries, blocking blood flow or can press on nerve endings. Decompression sickness is associated with pain in joints and muscles and neurological problems including stroke. The risk of nitrogen narcosis and bends is common in scuba divers
During carbon-dioxide poisoning , the demand for oxygen increases . As the level `O_(2)` level in the blood decreases it leads to suffocation and the skin turns bluish black .
Discussion
7853.

Question : What is nitrification?

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Solution :Conversion of AMMONIA to NITRITE and then to nitrate is called NITRIFICATION.
Discussion
7854.

Question : What is Nissl's granule consist of ?

Answer»

DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
LIPID

SOLUTION :Protein
Discussion
7855.

Question : What is neurilemma?

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Solution :The PLASMA membrane COVERING the NEURON is the NEURILEMMA.
Discussion
7856.

Question : What is necrosis?

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Solution :Refers to LOCALISED DEATH of the tissues such as leaf TIPS or MARGINS or scattered SPOTS on leaves.
Discussion
7857.

Question : What is natural system of classification?

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Solution :LINNAEUS considered a few characters of ORGANISMS for classifying them. Later many characters were considered for classifying organisms. MORPHOLOGICAL, anatomical and EMBRYOLOGICAL characters were considered.
Discussion
7858.

Question : What is napthalene acetic acid ( NAA) ?

Answer»


ANSWER :A SYNTHETIC AUXIN
Discussion
7859.

Question :What is myology?

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SOLUTION :The STUDY of MUSCLE is CALLED MYOLOGY.
Discussion
7860.

Question : What is myoglobin ? Where is it present?

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SOLUTION :Myoglobin is also a CARRIER of OXYGEN. It is PRESENT in the skeletal muscles of animals.
Discussion
7861.

Question : What is myoglobin ?

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SOLUTION :MYOGLOBIN is a red-coloured RESPIRATORY pigment of the MUSCLE fibre.
Discussion
7862.

Question : What is Mycorrhizae ?

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SOLUTION :MYCORRHIZAE : Fungi ASSOCIATED with roots of higher PLANTS including Gymnosperms. Example : PINUS.
Discussion
7863.

Question : What is Mycorrhiza? Mention the types.

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Solution :The Symbiotic association between fungal mycelium and roots of PLANTS is called as Mycorrhizae.
Types:
1. ECTOMYCORRHIZAE
2. Endomycorrhizae
3. Ectendomycorrhizae
Discussion
7864.

Question : What re mycorrhiza ?

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SOLUTION :The SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION between fungal mycelium and roots of PLANTS is called as MYCORRHIZA.
Discussion
7865.

Question : What is muscular movement?

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Solution :The MOVEMENT of hands, LEGS, jaws, tongue are caused by the contraction and RELAXATION of the muscle which is KNOWN as MUSCULAR movement.
Discussion
7866.

Question : What is ecdysis or moulting?

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SOLUTION :The CHITINOUS exoskeleton of ARTHROPODS is SHED periodicallv. This process is KNOWN as moulting or ecdysis.
Discussion
7867.

Question : What is most accepted theory of muscle contraction?

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SOLUTION :SLIDING - FILAMENT THEORY.
Discussion
7868.

Question : What is mother axis?

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Solution :The BRANCH that BEARS the FLOWER is called mother axis.
Discussion
7869.

Question : What is mosaic vision ?

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Solution :VISION where several images of an OBJECT are formed by compound eye. Helps to detect MOVEMENT of OBJECTS very efficiently.
Discussion
7870.

Question : What is moriculture?

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SOLUTION : The CULTIVATION of MULBERRY is CALLED as MORICULTURE.
Discussion
7871.

Question : Whatis more tentative, hypotheiss or theory ? Who gave the cell theory ?

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SOLUTION :HYPOTHESIS, SCHLEIDEN and SCHWANN.
Discussion
7872.

Question : What is mixotrophic mode of nutrition ?

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Solution :In mixotrophic mode of nutrition GET their food supply by more than one METHOD at same or DIFFERENT times due to CHANGE in environment .
Discussion
7873.

Question : What is mitotic apparatus? Discuss the differences between mitotic apparatus of a dividing plant cell and a dividing animal cell. OR Write a note on significance of meiosis.

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Solution :Mitotic apparatus is formed of spindle fibres and ASTERS. Mitotic apparatus of a dividing PLANT cell is anastral (without asters) while that of a dividing animal cell is amphiastral (with one aster at each pole).
OR
(i) Produces haploid GAMETES for sexual reproduction.
(II) Produces new combination of genes so produces variability which lelp in evolution and improvienl of racce.
(iii) Proves interrelationship between organisms.
Discussion
7874.

Question : What is middle lamella ?

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SOLUTION :A thin layer of cement substance, MAINLY PECTIN, holding two adjacent CELLS together.
Discussion
7875.

Question : What is molecular taxonomy?

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Solution : Molecular Taxonomy is the branch of phylogeny that analyses HEREDITARY molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain INFORMATION and to establish GENETIC relationship between the members of different TAXONOMIC categories.
Discussion
7876.

Question : What is mitogen ?

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Solution :1. The factors which promote CELL cycle proliferation is called mitogen.
2. Plant MITOGENS include GIBBERELLIN, ethylene, indole acetic acid, kinetin. These INCREASE mitotic RATE.
Discussion
7877.

Question : What is Micturition?

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Solution :The PROCESS of release of URINE from the BLADDER is CALLED micturition or URINATION.
Discussion
7878.

Question : What is Microphotography?

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Solution :Images of structures OBSERVED through MICROSCOPES can be further magnified, projected and saved by ATTACHING a camera to the microscope by a microscope coupler or eyepiece adaptor. Picture taken using a INBUILT camera in a microscope is called microphotography or microphotograph.
Discussion
7879.

Question : What is metaphase plate?

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Solution :The ALIGMENT of chromosome into compact group at the equator of the CELL is KNOWN as METAPHASE plate.
Discussion
7880.

Question : What is metameric segmentation.

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SOLUTION :External division of BODY CORRESPONDING with internal division of coelom e.g. annelids
Discussion
7881.

Question : What is Metamerism ?

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SOLUTION :The BODY of ANNELIDS are DIVIDED into SEGMENTS. This phenomenon is known as metamerism.
Discussion
7882.

Question : What is metahaline culture?

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Solution :CULTURING of animals in the WATER salinity ranges from 36 - 40% is called Metahaline culture. EG, Brine shrimp (ARTEMIA SALINA).
Discussion
7883.

Question : What is metagenesis ? Mention an example which exhibits this phenomenon.

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SOLUTION :Cnidarians exhibit two body forms, i.e. polyp and medusa. The sessile forms are called polyps, while the FREE SWIMMING forms are called medusa. Some of the cnidarians exhibit alternation of generation in which ONE generation in polyp form is followed by the next generation in medusa form. This phenomenon is called METAGENESIS.
Discussion
7884.

Question : Define metabolism. Mention its types.

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SOLUTION :The sum total of all the chemical reactions taking PLACE in a CELL of living organism is CALLED metabolism. It is broadly divided into anabolism and catabolism.
Discussion
7885.

Question : What is Metagenesis?

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SOLUTION :The cnidarians exhibit SEXUAL and ASEXUAL forms that alternate with each other. This is CALLED Metagenesis or Alternation of generation.
Discussion
7886.

Question : What is metabolism ? Mention its types.

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Solution :The sum total of all the chemical REACTIONS taking PLACE in a cell of LIVING organism is CALLED METABOLISM. It is broadly divided into anobolism and catabolism.
Discussion
7887.

Question : What is metabolism ? Can metabolism considered as a defining characteristic of living organism ?

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Solution :All living organisms are made of chemicals.
These chemicals belonging to various CLASSES, sizes, functions etc. are constantly being made and changed into some of other biomolecules.
These conversions are chemical reactions or metabolic reactions.
There are thousands of metabolic reactions occuring SIMULTANEOUSLY inside all living organisms.
All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit metabolism.
The sum total of all chemical reactions occuring in our body is metabolism.
Metabolic reactions can be DEMONSTRATED outside the body in cell-free systems.
An isolated metabolic reaction outside the body of an organism, performed in a test tube is NEITHER living nor non-living.
Hence, while metabolism is defining feature of all living organisms WITHOUT exception, isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living reactions.
Discussion
7888.

Question : What is metabolic basis for life ? Discuss.

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Solution :Metabolic pathways lead to a more complex structure from a simpler structure (e.g. Acetic acid is CONVERTED into cholesterol) or simpler substances from a complex structure (e.g. glucose is converted into lactic acid in our skeletal muscle).
The first type of reactions are called anabolic pathways. The latter constitute catabolic pathways.
Anabolic pathways consume energy, e.g. formation of protein from amino acids requires energy input. Catabolic pathways lead to the release of energy, e.g. when glucose, is converted to lactic acid on our skeletal muscle, lactic acid energy is LIBERATED.
The metabolic pathway from glucose to lactic acid occurs in 10 metabolic steps is called glycolysis.
Living organisms, trap this energy liberated during degradation and store it in the form of CHEMICAL BONDS.
As and when required, this bond energy is utilised for biosynthetic, osmotic and mechanic work, performed by organisms.
The most important form of energy currency in a living systems is the bond energy in the form of ATP adenosine triphosphate.
Discussion
7889.

Question : What is mesogloea? Where is it found.

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Solution :UNDIFFERENTIATED layer PRESENT between ECTODERM and endoderm. It is FOUND in Coelenterates.
Discussion
7890.

Question : What is meromyosin?

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Solution :The monomer of MYOSIN molecule is CALLED MEROMYOSIN.
Discussion
7891.

Question : What is membrane permeability?

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SOLUTION :The extent to which MEMBRANE permits or restricts the MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES
Discussion
7892.

Question :What is Meiosis ? Give the key features of it. Explain them.

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Solution :The production of offspring by sexual reproduction includes the fusion of two gametes each with a complete haploid set of chromosomes. Gametes are formed from specialised diploid cells.
This specialised kind of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half results in the production of haploid daughter cells this kind of division is called Meiosis.
Meiosis ensures the production of haploid phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms whereas FERTILISATION RESTORES the diploid phase.
In plants and animals, meiosis during gametogenesis LEADS to formation of haploid gametes.
The key features of meiosis are as follows:
Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis I and meiosis II but only a single cycle of DNA replication.
Meiosis I is initiated after the parental chromosomes have replicated to produce identical SISTER chromatids at the S phase.
Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them.
Four haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis II.
Meiotic events can be grouped under the following phases :
`{:("Meiosis I"," Meiosis II"),(" Prophase I "," Prophase II"),(" Metaphase I"," Metaphase II"),(" ANAPHASE I"," Anaphase II"),(" Telophase I"," Telophase II "):}`
Discussion
7893.

Question : What is meant by vital capacity ? Listany two categoiresof peoplehigher vital capacity .

Answer»

Solution :See ANSWER no .5 - TWO MARKS each - StateBoard Questions.
Discussion
7894.

Question : Whatis meant byvitalcapacity? Listand two categoreisof peoplewhich possess higher vital capacity.

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SOLUTION :(i) Vital capacity is a amount of airwhich can be EXHALED with force after FORCED inspiration.
(II)Vital capacityis higherin athletes and mountain dwellers.
Discussion
7895.

Question : What is meant by tissue ? Which are two main types of tissue ?

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SOLUTION :A tissue is a group of cells having origin and usually performing a common FUNCTION.
A plant is made up of different kind of tissues. Tissues are CLASSIFIED into malo groups, namely, (1) meristematic and (2) permanent tissues based on whether the cells being formed are CAPABLE of dividing or not.
Discussion
7896.

Question : What is meant by the term osmoregulation?

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Solution :Osmoregulation PROCESS that regulates the water and salt balance in the BODY (ionic and FLUID VOLUME)
Discussion
7897.

Question : Whatis meant by the statement "aerobic respirationis more efficient " ?

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SOLUTION :Duringaerobic RESPIRATION, 36ATPare obtained from ONE molecule of glucose. While2ATP are obtained in eitheraerobicrespiration or fermentationwhich are very LESS than AEROBICRESPIRATION so it can be said that aerobic respiration is a more efficientprocess.
Discussion
7898.

Question : What is meant by tertiary structure of proteins?

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Solution :In tertiary structureof proteins, the polypeptide chain undergoes folding and COILING assuming a complex but specific form to attain functional conformation. The tertiary structure is absolutely necessary for many biological activities of proteins. They may be spherical, rod-like, etc. The COILS and folds are so arranged as to hide the non-polar amino acid chains inside and to expose the polar side chairs. Tertiary structure is MAINTAINED by weak bonds like hydrogen ionic, disulphide and hydrophilic-hydrophobic bonds. Tertiary structure of a protein forms active SITES of enzymes, Globular proteins have tertiary structure. The biological activity of a protein molecular depends on the specific tertiary structure.
Discussion
7899.

Question : What is meant by tertiary structure of proteins ?

Answer»

Solution :The overall shape of a single protein MOLECULE, the spatial relationship of the secondary structures to one-another. Tertiary structure is generally stabilized by non-local INTERACTIONS, most commonly the formation of hydrophobic CORE, but also through salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds The term tertiary protein is synonymous with the term fold.
Discussion
7900.

Question : What is meant by secondary growth? Whichmeristems are responsible for thesecondarygrowth ?

Answer»

Solution :Secondary growth. The formation of secondary tissues from the lateral meristem is called secondary growth. It INCREASES the diameter of stem. Secondary tissue is formed from two types of lateral meristems.
Meristems responible for secondarygrowth
1. VASCULAR cambium is present between primary XYLEM and primary and this is called the fascicular cambium. In the medullary region interfascicularcambium is formed between two vascular bundles. Interfascicular and fascicular cambia form the complete RING in the stem. Cambium cells divide to form secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
2. CORK cambium or phellogen. Cork cambium or phellogen develops in the cortex. This cork cambium prodcuesthe cork ( phellem) tissue towards the epidermis and produces the phelloderm on the inner side. Cork cambium ( phellogen), cork ( phellem) and phelloderm constitute the periderm which is protective in nature.
Discussion