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7751.

Question : What is sarcoplasm?

Answer»

Solution :The CYTOPLASM of the MUSCLE FIBRE is CALLED the sarcoplasm.
Discussion
7752.

Question : What is sarcomere ?

Answer»

PART between two H-lines
Part between two A-lines
Part between two I-bands
Part between two Z-lines

Solution :Sarcomere is a part of myofibril between two SUCCESSIVE Z-lines, which consists of two l-band halves, and an A-band between them. It is the functional UNIT of myofibril.
Discussion
7753.

Question : What is sarcolemma ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :SARCOLEMMA in the cell membrane of MUSCLE FIBRE.
Discussion
7754.

Question : What is sap?

Answer»

Solution :It is dilute solution PRESENT in plants inside XYLEM channels and VACUOLES.
Discussion
7755.

Question : What is SACON?

Answer»

Solution :1. SACON stands for Salim Ali Institute for Ornithology and Natural History and is located in COIMBATORE.
2. It is a National Research Institute started by Government of India in HONOUR of DR. Salim Ali, the Bird man of India.
3. The aim of SACON is to conserve BIODIVERSITY with focus on birds.
Discussion
7756.

Question : What is sacrum?

Answer»

Solution :In adults there is one SACRAL veriebral called SACRUM. It is formed by FUSION of 5 vertebrae. Children have 5 sacral vertebrae which fuse together to FORM one in ADULT.
Discussion
7757.

Question : What is S' State mechanism or water oxidising clock?

Answer»

Solution :1. In light reaction of photosynthesis, photolysis of water is due to STRONG oxidant which is yet unknown and desinated as Z or Yz.
2. WIDELY accepted theory proposed by Kok ET al., (1970) explaining photo oxidation of water is Water Oxidising Clock
Discussion
7758.

Question : What is root cap?

Answer»

Solution :Root tip is COVERED by a dome shaped parenchymatous cells CALLED root cap. It protects the MERISTEMATIC cells in the apex.
Discussion
7759.

Question : What is Robinsons's ester and Newber's ester ?

Answer»

Solution :GLUCOSE 6 phosphate is called ROBINSONS. ester and FRUCTOSE 6 phosphate is called Newber.s ester.
Discussion
7760.

Question : What is ribozyme? Who discovered it and in which organism?

Answer»

Solution :Ribozyme is a TYPE of enzyme in which RNA can catalyze changes in its own molecular STRUCTURE. Common EXAMPLE of ribozymes is RNAase-P and self splicing group-I intron (It removes introns from newly synthesized RNA). Rilozyme was first DISCOVERED by Cech et AL. (1981) in a ciliate protozoan called Tetrahymenu thermophilu.
Discussion
7761.

Question : What is right for all veins?

Answer»

They carry oxygenated blood
They carry DEOXYGENATED blood
They directly open into VENA cava
NONE of the above

SOLUTION :None of the above
Discussion
7762.

Question : What is reverse pharmacogenomics?

Answer»

Solution :Pharmocogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person.s response to drugs. This relatively NEW field COMBINES pharmacology (the science of drugs) and GENOMICS (the study of genes and their functions) to develop EFFECTIVE, safe medications and does that will be tailored to a person.s GENETIC makeup.
Discussion
7763.

Question : What is rhamphotheca?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The HORNY COVERING on the beak of birds is CALLED rhamphotheca.
Discussion
7764.

Question : What is retrogressive metamorphosis?

Answer»

Solution :A more advanced larva CHANGES into degenerate ADULT e.g., HERDMANIA
Discussion
7765.

Question : What is reverse transcription?

Answer»

Solution :In some retroviruses that CONTAIN RNA as the genetic material (e.g. HIV), the FLOW of INFORMATION is reversed. RNA synthesizes DNA by reverse transcription, then transcribed into MRNA by transcription and then into proteins by translation. This is called reverse transcripion.
Discussion
7766.

Question : What is resting membrane potential? Give the role of sodium potassium pumps in maintaining it. How does resting potential change into action potential?

Answer»

Solution :Resting potential : It is the voltage (charge) difference across the CELL membrane when the cell is at rest. Resting membrane potential (RMP) is a product of the DISTRIBUTION of charged particles A xoplasm INSIDE the axon contain high conc. of `K^+` and low conc. of `Na^(+)`.The outside the axon contain low conc. of` K^+` and high conc. of `Na^+`.As a RESULT outer surface, ofaxonal membrane is positively charged and in inner surface is negatively charged. The electric positively difference across the resting plasma membrane is called resting potential.
When a nerve FIBRE is stimulated the permeability of membrane to `Na^(+)` increased at a point of stimulus and polarity of membrane reversed due to influx of`Na^(+)`. The electic potential difference across the plasma membrane at that site is called as action potential.
Discussion
7767.

Question : What is resting potential ? How is conduction of nerve impulse takes place ?

Answer»

Solution :Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are in a polarised STATE.
Different types of ion channels are present on the neural membrane. These ion channels are selectively permeable to different ions.
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to `K^(+)` and nearly impermeable to `Na^(+)`. Similarly, the membrane is impermeable to -vely charged proteins present in the axoplasm.
The axoplasm inside the axon CONTAINS high concentration of `K^(+)` and -vely charged proteins and low concentration of `Na^(+)`. In contrast, outside the axon `K^(+)` low concentration and high concentration of `Na^(+)` forms a concentration gradient.
These ionic gradients across the resting membrane are maintained by transport of `3Na^(+)` outwards and `2K^(+)` inside the cell.
As a result, the outer surface of the axonal membrane is `+`vely charged and its inner surface becomes -vely charged and therefore it is polarised.
The electrical potential difference across the resting membrane is called the resting potential.
When a stimulus is applied at point A on the polarised membrane, it becomes FREELY permeable to `Na^(+), Na^(+)` influx is followed by the REVERSAL of the polarity, i.e. outer membrane is -vely charged and inner side is `+`vely charged.
The polarity at the site A is reversed and hence depolarised. The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at the site A is called action potential which is infact termed as nerve impulse.
At sites immediately ahead, the axon membrane has `+ve` charge on the outer surface and a `-ve` charge on its inner surface. As a result, a current flows on the inner surface from site A to site B. On the outer surface current flows from site B to site A to complete the circuit of current flow. Hence, the polarity at the site is reversed and an action potential is generated at the site B.
Thus, impulse (action potential) generated at site A arrives at site B.
The sequence is repeated along the length of the axon and consequently the impulse is conducted.
The rise in the stimulus induced permeability to `Na^(+)` is SHORT lived. It is quickly followed by the rise in permeability to K. Within a fraction of a second, `K^(+)` diffuses outside and restores the resting potential of the membrane.

Diagrammatic representation of impulse conduction through an axon (at points A and B)
Discussion
7768.

Question : What is responsible for systole ?

Answer»

ENTRY of blood in LUNGS
Entry of blood in heart
Blood FLOW out of heart
Blood flow out of VEIN

Solution :Entry of blood in lungs
Discussion
7769.

Question : What is respiration ? Explain aboutrespiratory substrates .

Answer»

Solution :In Eukaryotes the breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy TAKES place in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria.
The breaking of C C- bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to release of considerable amount of energy is CALLED respiration.
Respiratory substrates : The compounds thatare oxidised duringthis process are known as resplratory substrates .
Proteins, fats and even organic acids can be usedas respiratory substances in some plants under certain conditions.
During oxidation within a cell, all the energy contained in respiratory substrates is not RELEASED free into the cell or in a single step .
It is trapped as chemical energy in the form of ATP. This ATP is broken down whenever energy needs to be utillized. Hence , ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell. Thisenergy trapped in ATP is UTILISED in various energy requiring processesof the organisms .
The carbon skeleton produced during respiration is used as PRECURSORS for biosynthesis of other molecules in the cell.
Discussion
7770.

Question : What is required for transport of male gametes in Bryophytes and pteridophytes ?

Answer»

Birds
Water 
WIND 
INSECTS 

ANSWER :B
Discussion
7771.

Question : What is replum?

Answer»

Solution :REPLUM is a false SEPTUM which DEVELOPS in between TWO PARIETAL placentae. It is found in family Cruciferae.
Discussion
7772.

Question : What is regeneration?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The ABILITY to regrow the lost parts is called regeneration. e.g. PLANARIA.
Discussion
7773.

Question : What is Regenation ?

Answer»

Solution :The ABILITY to regrow the LOST PANTS is called regeneration eg PLANARIA.
Discussion
7774.

Question : What is reflex action ? How is reflex arc formed ?

Answer»

Solution :We experience sudden withdrawal of a body part which comes in contact with objects that are extremely hot, cold, pointed, animals that are scary or poisonous.

The entire process of RESPONSE to a peripheral nervous stimulation that occurs involuntarily, without conscious efforts or thought and requires the INVOLVEMENT of a part of the central nervous SYSTEM is called a reflex action.
The reflex pathway comprises one afferent neuron Receptor and one efferent (effector) neuron appropriately arranged in a series.
The afferent neuron receives signal from a sensory organ and transmits the impulse via a dorsal nerve root into the CNS at the LEVEL of SPINAL cord.
The afferent neuron then carries signals from CNS to the effector.
The stimulus and response, thus forms a reflex arc as shown in figure in the knee jerk reflex.
Discussion
7775.

Question : What is referred to as satellite chromosome ?

Answer»

Solution :SOMETIMES a few chromosomes have non staining SECONDARY constrictions at a constant location. This GIVES the appearance of a small FRAGMENT called satellite chromosome 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 22 are satellite chromosomes.
Discussion
7776.

Question : Define reeling.

Answer»

SOLUTION : What is REELING?
Discussion
7777.

Question : Define redifferentiation.

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Solution :1. Differentiated cells, after multiplication again LOSE the ABILITY to divide and MATURE to perfom specific FUNCTIONS. This is called REDIFFERENTIATION.
2. Ex: Secondary xylem and Secondary phloem.
Discussion
7778.

Question : Find out what do the terms 'algal bloom' and 'red tides' signify.

Answer»

Solution :Red dinoflagellates LIKE Gonyaulax at TIMES undergo such RAPID multiplication that they MAKE the sea appear red, hence this BLOOM is called red tide.
Discussion
7779.

Question : What is Red drop or Emerson's first effect?

Answer»

Solution :1. EMERSON conducted experiment in Chlorella using only one wavelength of light (monochromatic light) at a TIME and he MEASURED quantum yield.
2. The fall in the photosynthetic yield beyond red REGION of yhe spectrum is REFERRED as Red drop or Emerso
Discussion
7780.

Question : What is reaction centre ?

Answer»

Solution :Reaction centre or PHOTOCHEMICAL phase include :
Aborption of light,
Splitting of water,
Release of oxygen,
and the formation of HIGH energy chemical intermediates like ATP and NADPH.
Several complexes are involed in the process.
The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical Light Harvesting Complex (LHC).
They are Photosystem - I (PS - I) and Photosystem - II (PS - II).
PS - I and PS - II are in LHC.
These are NAMED in the sequence of their discovery, and not in the sequene in which they function during the light reacting.
The LHC are made up of HUNDREDS of pigment molecules bound to proteins
Discussion
7781.

Question : What is Re-differentiation?

Answer»

Solution :Differentiated cells, after multiplication again lose the ability to DIVIDE and mature to PERFORM specific functions. This is called REDIFFERENTIATION.
Discussion
7782.

Question : What is radula?

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Solution :The rasping ORGAN found in the MOUTH of molluses is called RADULA.
Discussion
7783.

Question : What is radial symmetry?

Answer»

SOLUTION :When any plane PASSING through the central AXIS of the body divides an organism into two identical parts, it is CALLED radial symmetry.eg. Cnidarian.
Discussion
7784.

Question :What is pure culture ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :A CULTURE which CONTAINS just ONE SPECIES ofmicro-organism.
Discussion
7785.

Question : What is pulvinus ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In LEGUMES leaf BASE become broad, thick and swollen which is known as pulvinus. e.g. CLITORIA.
Discussion
7786.

Question :What is pulvinus ?

Answer»

Solution :SWOLLEN LEAF BASE is known as pulvinus.
Discussion
7787.

Question : Whatis pulmonary gas exchange ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :It is exchangeof`O_(2)`of alveolar AIR and `CO_(2)`fo deoygenated BLOOD at lung alveoli.
Discussion
7788.

Question : What is pubic symphyis?

Answer»

Solution :It is dense FIBROUS cartilage that JOINTS two COXAL bones hip bones firmly TOGETHER there bones the pelvic girdle.
Discussion
7789.

Question : What is protostele? Explain its types.

Answer»

Solution :In protostele xylem surrounds phloem.
The type includes Haplostele, ACTINOSTELE, Plectostele and mixed protostele.
(i) Haplostele: Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele. E.g. Selaginella.
(ii) Actinostele: Star shaped xylem CORE is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele. E.g. Lycopodium serratum
(III) Plectostele: Xylem plates altermates with phloem plates. E.g. Lycopodium clavatum.
(IV) Mixed prototostele: Xylem groups UNIFORMLY scattered in the phlocm. E.g. Lycopodium cermuum.
Discussion
7790.

Question : What is protoplast?

Answer»

Solution :Plasma MEMBRANE and PROTOPLASM are COLLECTIVELY referred as PROTOPLAST
Discussion
7791.

Question : What is protophloem?

Answer»

Solution :It is FIRST formed PRIMARY PHLOEM in the PLANTS.
Discussion
7792.

Question : What is protonema ?

Answer»

Solution :In Funaria, (Bryophyte) haploid SPORES are produced from the sporophytes.
2.During favourable conditions, the spores germinate to PRODUCE thread like GREEN branched structure called protonema.
It produces rhizoids and number of LATERAL buds which develop into new plants.
Discussion
7793.

Question : What is protogynous condition? Give one example.

Answer»

Solution :In this, OVARIES mature earliar than TESTES in a bisexual ANIMALS e.g. Scypha (Sycon)
Discussion
7794.

Question : What is aprophage?

Answer»

Solution :As soon as the phage INJECTS its linear DNA into the host cell, it becomes circular and integrates into the BACTERIAL chromosome by RECOMBINATION. By integrated phage DNA is now called PROPHAGE.
Discussion
7795.

Question : What is progenote?

Answer»

SOLUTION : It is the EARLY form of living BEINGS from which all PRIMITIVE and ancient ORGANISMS evolved,
Discussion
7796.

Question : What is pro-meristem ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :It is a PART of apical MERISTEM made up of actively dividing cells and their IMMEDIATE derivatives.
Discussion
7797.

Question : What is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant prevent loss of water but is absent in roots ?

Answer»

Solution :CUTICLE is a WAX LIKE covering on whole surface of PLANT. It is absent in roots. It prevents loss of water by the surface of the plant.
Discussion
7798.

Question : What is position of compound eyes in cockroach?

Answer»

LATERAL
DORSAL
VENTRAL
POSTERIOR

SOLUTION :Dorsal
Discussion
7799.

Question : What is Poultry Farming?

Answer»

SOLUTION : Poultry FARMING refers to the rearing and PROPAGATION of avian species such as chicken, DUCKS, turkeys, GEESE, quail and guinea fowls.
Discussion
7800.

Question : What is Porin? How it helps the bacteria ?

Answer»

Solution :Porin is an abundant polypeptide PRESENT in BACTERIAL cell WALLS. It helps in the diffusion of solutes.
Discussion