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8001.

Question : What is facilitated transport ? How does it help to transport mterials ?

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SOLUTION :Facilitated transport INVOLVES passive transport of MATERIALS using carrier proteins. The carrier proteins are knows as permeases. They pransport materials down the conc. Gradient without using cellular energy from one SIDE of membrane to another through a CHANNEL formed in it.
Discussion
8002.

Question :What is fascicle?

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SOLUTION :Each muscle is made up of bundles of muscle FIBRES called FASCICLE
Discussion
8003.

Question : What are extrachromosomalinheritance ?Explainwith an example.

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Solution :(i) Certain characters are controlled by non-nuclear genomes found in chloroplast, MITOCHONDRIA, INFECTIVE agents and plasmids. These characters do not reveal Mendelian pattern of inheritance.
(ii) The inheritance of the extra chromosomal genes are found to exhibit maternal influence.
(iii) Although both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote in TERMS of chromosomal genes the female parent usually contributes the zygote's initial cytoplasm and organelles, since the sperms contain very little cytoplasm. If there are hereditary units in the cytoplasm, these will be transmitted to the offsprings through the egg, so the offsprings exhibit maternal effect.
(iv) The cytoplasmic extranuclear genes have a characteristic pattern of inheritance which do not resemble the genes of nuclear chromosomes and is known as extra chromosomal or extra nuclear or cytoplasmic inheritance and exhibit maternal influence.
(v) In extra nuclear inheritance, male and female parents contribute equally their nuclear genes to the progeny but do not make equal contribution of extra chromosomal genes hence, the crosses can yield different (or) non Mendelian results. Extra chromosomal inheritance in Limnaea peregra.
(vi) Limnaea peregra is a freshwater snail. The shell of these animals are spirally coiled. The coiling of the shell is clockwise (dextral) or ANTICLOCKWISE (sinistral).
(vii) Both type of coilings are produced by two different types of genetically controlled cleavages namely, dextral cleavage and sinistral cleavage.
(viii) In Limnaea, dextral coiling is normal and sinistral coiling is a mutant character.
(ix) Direction of coiling is determined by a pair of nuclear genes, D(dextral) and d(sinistral). The gene for dextral (D) being dominant over sinistral coiling (d). In Fig. a dextral snail provides the eggs and a sinistral snail provides the sperm. The offspring are all dextral (Dd), in the `F_(1)` generation.
(x) When the `F_(1)` heterozygous dextral individual (Dd) were self crossed the `F_(2)` generation showed dextral coiling with genotype of 1 DD, 2Dd and 1dd.
(xi) When a reciprocal cross is made the `F_(1)` individuals have Dd genotype but are coiled sinistrally, as in the female parent. In both the crosses the `F_(1)` are phenotypically similar to the female parent, though the offspring in both crosses have the same genotype Dd. This is because the genotype of the maternal parent determines the phenotype of the offspring.
(xii) When the `F_(1)` sinistral individuals were self crossed, the shell coiling in the `F_(2)` generation, were all dextral. This is because the genes do not segregate in the `F_(2)` generation. Only in the `F_(3)` generation segregation occurs in the RATIO of 3 dextral : 1 sinistral.
(xiii) Reason : The type of cleavage depends on the organization of the egg which is established before the maturation division of the oocyte nucleus and by the influence of the maternal genotype.
(xiv) The direction of coiling of the shell depends upon the orientation of the mitotic spindle during the first cleavage.
(xv) Obviously,maternal control affects only one generation. In each generation the coiling is dependent on the maternal genotype.
Discussion
8004.

Question : What is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance ?

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SOLUTION :Certain characters are controlled by non - nucleas genomes found in chloroplast, Mitochondira, infective agents and plasmids, and do not REVEAL Mendelian pattern of INHERITANCE. This is called as EXTRA chromosomal inheritance. They exhibit MATERNAL influence in their pattern of inheritance. Eg. Inheritance of the shell coiling pattern in fresh water snail Limnaea peregra.
Discussion
8005.

Question : What is Eustachian tube?

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SOLUTION :A tube CALLED Eustachian tube connects the MIDDLE ear cavity with the PHARYNX. It HELPS in equalizing the pressure of air on either sides of the ear drum.
Discussion
8006.

Question : What is erythoblastosis foetalis (or) Haemolytic disease of the new born (HDN)? (or) Write about the incompatiability of Rh-factor.

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Solution :(i) RH incompatability has great significance in child BIRTH. If a woman is Rh negative and the man is Rh positive, the foetus may be Rh positive having inherited the factor from its father.
(ii) The Rh negative mother becomes sensitized by carrying Rh positive foetus within her body.
(iii) Due to damage of blood vessels, during child birth, the mother's immune system RECOGNIZES the Rh antigens and gets sensitized. The sensitized mother produces Rh antibodies.
(iv) The antibodies are lgG type which are small and can cross placenta and enter the FOETAL circulation. By the time the mother gets sensitized and produce anti 'D' antibodies, the child is delivered.
(v) Usually no effects are associated with exposure of the mother to Rh positive antigen during the first child birth, subsequent Rh positive children CARRIED by the same mother, may be exposed to antibodies produced by the mother against Rh antigen, which are carried across the placenta into the foetal blood circulation.
(vi) This causes haemolysis of foetal RBCs resulting in haemolytic jaundice and anaemia. This condition is known as Erythoblastosis foetalis or Haemolytic disease of the new born (HDN).
Discussion
8007.

Question : What is epimysium?

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Solution :The connective TISSUE COVERING the whole MUSCLE is the EPIMYSIUM.
Discussion
8008.

Question : What is epipetalous stamens?

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SOLUTION :Epipetalous (petalostemonous): Stamens are ADNATE to PETALS.
EG: Brinjal, Datura.
Discussion
8009.

Question : What is ephagy?

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SOLUTION : The PROCESS in which METABOLIC WASTES arethrown out of the CELL.
Discussion
8010.

Question : What is endosteum?

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SOLUTION :Internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate CONNECTIVE TISSUE membrane called the ENDOSTEUM.
Discussion
8011.

Question : ENDOSPERM

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SOLUTION :It is full of food and PROVIDES NOURISHMENT to developing EMBRYO in ovule.
Discussion
8012.

Question : What is endocytosis? Name two processes of endocytosis.

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Solution :It is inward MOVEMENT of macrobiomolecules inside the cell through PM in the presence of energy.Two PROCESSES are: PINOCYTOSIS and Phagocytosis.
Discussion
8013.

Question : What is endocrine function of overy besides reproductive organ.

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Solution :Females have a pair of OVARIES located in the abdomen.
ovary is the parimary female sex organ which PRODUCES one ovum during each menstrual cycle. ( Mature `underset(+)(O) 14 to 40`Year).
Ovary also produces two grups of steroid hormones called estrogen and progesterone.
ovary is composed of ovarian follicles and stromal tissues. The estrogen is synthesized and secreted MAINLY by the growing ovarian follicles.
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure celled corpus luteum, which secretes mainly progesterone.
Estrogens produce wide ranging actions such a stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters, mammary gland development etc.
Estrogens also regulate female sexual behaviour.
Progesterone supports pregnancy. It also acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the FORMATION of ALVEOLI which store milk and milk secretion.
Discussion
8014.

Question : What is endomysium?

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Solution :The connective TISSUE surroundings the MUSCLE fibre is CALLED the ENDOMYSIUM.
Discussion
8015.

Question : What is enamel?

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Solution :The hard CHEWING SURFACE of the teeth is MADE of enarnel and HELPS in mastication of food.
Discussion
8016.

Question : Write notes on Emerson's enhancement effect.

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SOLUTION :1. Emerson conducted experiment with chlorella using monochromatic LIGHT to measure QUANTUM yield. (PHOTOSYNTHETIC yield).
2. He found that the monochromatic light of longer wavelength (far red light) when supplemented with shorter wavelength of LIGH
Discussion
8017.

Question : What is electrogenic pump ? Name main electrogenic pump in animal cells and bacteria, fungi and plants.

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Solution :A transport protein which generates voltage (MEMBRANE POTENTIAL) across a BIOMEMBRANE is called an electrogenic pump.
Sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump in animal cells. The MAIN electrogenic pump of bacteria, fungi and PLANTS is a proton pump.
Discussion
8018.

Question : What is Electron Transport Chain ? (ETC).

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SOLUTION :SEE TEXT (POINTS to REMEMBER)
Discussion
8019.

Question : What is Economic Zoology?

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SOLUTION :Economic zoology is a branch of Science that deals with ECONOMICALLY useful animals. It involves the STUDY of APPLICATION of animals for human WELFARE.
Discussion
8020.

Question : What is e-taxonomic resources ?

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SOLUTION :e-Taxonomic RESOURCES - INOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about the species which was developed by NATURAL History MUSEUM, London. INOTAXA MEANS Integrated Open TAXonomic Access.
Discussion
8021.

Question : What is divergent evolution ?

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Solution :Structures which are similar in ORIGIN but perform DIFFERENT functions are called HOMOLOGOUS structures that brings about DIVERGENT evolution. EG: Thorn of Bougainvillea is used for defence and tendrils of cucurbita are used for climbing but both are homologous structures.
Discussion
8022.

Question : Define Thecodont and Diphyodont.

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Solution :Human BEINGS and many MAMMALS form two sets of teeth during their life time, a set of 20 temporary milk teeth which GETS replaced by a set of 32 PERMANENT teeth. This type of dentition is called diphyodont dentition.
Discussion
8023.

Question : What is diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) ?

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SOLUTION :DPD is the reduction in diffusion PRESSURE of water in a system over its PURE state due to PRESENCE of SOLUTES in it.
Discussion
8024.

Question : What is difference between class Amphibia and class Reptilia in respect of their skin?

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Solution :CLASS Amphibia : Have moist skin WITHOUT scales.
Class Reptilia: Have DRY cornified skin with scales.
Discussion
8025.

Question : What is diatomaceous earth ?

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Solution :The siliceous frustules from the DIATOMS (algae) FORMS deposits under the sea . This is called diatomaceous EARTH and used as water FILTERS, insulation MATERIAL etc.
Discussion
8026.

Question : What is dialysate? Give its nature.

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SOLUTION :The dialysing fluid in which ARTIFICIAL kidney is PLACED is CALLED dialysate. It is isotonic to blood plasma.
Discussion
8027.

Question : Define:- Diabetes insipidus

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SOLUTION :The defect in the production of ADH results in the excretion of large QUANTITIES of dilute urine, this is called Diabetes insipidus. This results in the dehydration and fall in BLOOD PRESSURE.
Discussion
8028.

Question : What is denoted by X and Y in the given graph? {:("X","Y"),("1) Activation energy without enzyme","Activation energy with enzyme"),("2) Activation energy with enzyme ","Activation energy without enzyme"),("3) Substrate concentration with enzyme","Substrate concentrationwithout enzyme"),("4) Substrate concentration without enzyme","Substrate concentration with enzyme"):}

Answer»


ANSWER :3
Discussion
8029.

Question : What is desmotubule ?

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SOLUTION :TUBULAR connections between the `ER_(s)` of ADJACENT CELLS through the PLASMODESMATA.
Discussion
8030.

Question : What isdenoted byand Y in the given graph ?

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`{:(""X,""Y),("Activation energy without enzyme", "Activation energy with enzyme"):}`
`{:(""X,""Y),("Activation energy with enzyme", "Activation energy without enzyme"):}`
`{:(""X,""Y),("Substrate concentration with enzyme", "Substrate concentration without enzyme"):}`
`{:(""X,""Y),("Substrate concentration without enzyme", "Substrate concentration with enzyme"):}`

SOLUTION :Most reactions do not start automatically because the reactions have an energy barrier which may be due to hydrogen bonding, absence of precise collisions due to small reactive site, mutual REPULSION, etc. external SUPPLY of energy needed to overcome this barries is known as activation energy. The enzyme lowers the activation energy of the reaction and allows a large number of moles to react at a time.
Discussion
8031.

Question : What is dedifferentiation?

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SOLUTION :It REFERS to the regaining of the cells CAPACITY to DIVIDE under certain conditions.
Discussion
8032.

Question : What is Cytoskeleton ? Give information about its components, structure and function.

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Solution :An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton. It is involved in many functions such as mechanical support, motility, maintenance of the shape of the cell.
Cytoplasm is FORMED by three types of fibres. MICROFILAMENTS, Microtubules, Intermediate fibres.
Microfilaments are made up of proteins like Actin. They are scattered or arranged parallel or in network. They possess functions like Amoeboid motion, MOVEMENT or ROTATION of protoplasm and translocation of materials. They are ASSOCIATED with cell motion or change in form of cells.
Microtubules are hollow tubes made up of tubuline protein. They help in maintaining shape of cell, cell motion and cellular transport of materials. It is required translocation of chromosomes.
Intermediate fibres are durable strong protein fibres. They form basket of fibres and support other fibres.
Discussion
8033.

Question : What is Dairying and Dairy Operation?

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Solution : DAIRYING is the PRODUCTION and marketing of milk and its products. Dairy OPERATION CONSISTS of proper maintenance of cattle, the collection and PROCESSING of milk and its by-products.
Discussion
8034.

Question : What is cytokinesis?

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Solution :The CYTOPLASMIC division of a cell at the END of Mitosis or Meiosis BRINGING about the SEPERATION into two daughter CELLS.
Discussion
8035.

Question : What is critical for flowering of a short-day plant?

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SHORT days
long NIGHTS WITHOUT INTERRUPTIONS
long nights
long nights with interruptions
Discussion
8036.

Question : What is crista ampullaris?

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Solution :The LOWER end of each semicircular canal is swollen and it is called ampulla. Each ampulla has a SENSORY AREA known as CRISTA AMPULLARIS.
Discussion
8037.

Question : What is criss-cross inheritance?

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Solution :It is the transmission of a gene from mother to son or father to daughter. The CHARACTER is inherited to the SECOND GENERATION through the carrier of first generation. E.g., inheritance of gene CAUSING haemophillia (x LINKED inheritance).
Discussion
8038.

Question : What is cretinism due to ?

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SOLUTION :Hypoactivity of THYROID in CHILDREN
Discussion
8039.

Question : What is creatin phosphate, where is it present?

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Solution :Creatin phosphate is a HIGH ENERGY compound PRESENT in the MUSCLES.
Discussion
8040.

Question : What is cranium?

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Solution :It is also called as brain box as it PROTECTS the brain. It is MADE up of 8 FLAT irregular, IMMOVABLE BONES.
Discussion
8041.

Question : Describe corymb inflorescence

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Solution :1. It is a TYPE of racemose inflorescence. In corymb, the main axis is not elongated.
2. The PEDICEL are of unequal LENGTH.
3. The order flowers have long pedicels and the young flowers show short pedicels. so all flowers appear at the same level.
4. Eg: Caesalpinia.
Discussion
8042.

Question : What is correct for the artificial ecosystem ?

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ECOSYSTEM is cannot be form by human
BIODIVERSITY is HIGH
Biodiversity is less
It is more stable than NATURAL ecosystem

Answer :C
Discussion
8043.

Question : What is correct for stages of Puccina

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Telia and aecia on wheat
Telia and uredo STAGE on wheat
Telia and aecia on barberry
None

Answer :B
Discussion
8044.

Question : What is correct for isidia in lichens ?

Answer»

They HELP in NITROGEN fixation
They INCREASE photsynthesis
They are DETACHABLE and help in sexaul reproduction
All of the above.

Answer :B
Discussion
8045.

Question : Which of the following statements is correct with reference to a test tube baby?

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Fertilistion in female genital tract and GROWTH in test tube
Rearing PREMATURE born baby in an incubator
Fertilistaion outside and gestation INSIDE MOTHE's womb
Both fertilisaion and developent are done outside the female genital tract.

Answer :C
Discussion
8046.

Question : What is correct ?

Answer»

PULMONARY VENTILATION is EQUAL to ALVEOLAR ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is LESS than pulmonary ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is more than pulmonary ventilation
Both are variable

Solution :Alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation
Discussion
8047.

Question : What is corpus callosum?

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SOLUTION :The cerebral HEMISPHERES are connected by a TRACT of nerve fibres called corpus CALLOSUM.
Discussion
8048.

Question : What is convergent evolution ?

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Solution :Organisms having DIFFERENT structural PATTERNS but similar function are termed as analogous structures.
Eg: Wings of BIRDS & Insects are different STRUCTURALLY but perform similar function (fight) which brings about convergent evolution.
Discussion
8049.

Question : What is coronary thrombosis ?

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Solution :A condition when a CORONARY ARTERY is BLOCKED by the MOVEMENT of a CLOT.
Discussion
8050.

Question : What is meant by cooking in sericulture?

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Solution :The process of SOAKING cocoons in HOT water `(95^(@) - 97^(@))` for 10 - 15 MINUTES to SOFTEN the gum that binds the silk threads together is called as cooking.
Discussion